Figure 3.

Major pathways of central carbon metabolism and key enzymes commonly dysregulated in cancer cells. Important pathways implicated in cancer cell proliferation are indicated: Serine metabolism is highlighted with a purple arrow, oxidative glutamine metabolism with a blue arrow and reductive glutamine metabolism with a green arrow. Enzymes known to be dysregulated in some cancers are shown in red text. Abbreviations: ACL = ATP citrate lyase, Aco = Aconitase, α KGDH=α -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Aldo = Aldolase, ALT = Alanine transaminase, AST = Aspartate transaminase, CS = Citrate synthase, Enol = Enolase, FAS = Fatty acid synthase, FH = Fumarate hydratase, G6PDH = Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH = Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GDH = Glutamate dehydrogenase, GLS = Glutaminase, HK = Hexokinase, IDH = Isocitrate dehydrogenase, LDH = Lactate dehydrogenase, MDH = Malate dehydrogenase, ME = Malic enzyme, PC = Pyruvate carboxylase, PDH = Pyruvate dehydrogenase, PFK = Phosphofructokinase, PGI = Phosphoglucose isomerase, PGK = Phosphoglycerate kinase, PGM = Phosphoglycerate mutase, PHGDH = Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, PK = Pyruvate kinase, PKM2 = Pyruvate kinase M2, SCS = Succinyl-CoA synthetase, SDH = Succinate dehydrogenase, TPI = Triose phosphate isomerase