Fig. 4.

Turning angles (Left) and daily displacement distance (Right) of cane toads radiotracked at the invasion front (pioneers, Upper) compared with toads in the same area a few years later (postinvasion, Lower). Frequency distributions are separated into encamped (white) and dispersive (black) modes of movement (as probabilistically estimated). A movement with probability κ of being dispersive contributes with κ to the black bar and (1 − κ) to the white. While in dispersive mode, invasion-front toads were more directional and traveled farther per night.