Table 3.

Percentage of sample reporting pain-reduction method to be ‘very’ or ‘extremely’ helpful

	White n=30	Hispanic n=30	African American n=30	All Participants n=90
Pharmacologic Methods
Opioid	90%	*	80%	87%
Acetaminophen	60%	61%	43%	57%
Other medications†	64%	69%	44%	57%
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug	73%	60%	36%	56%
Non-Pharmacologic Methods
Prayer	100%	73%	100%	86%
Massage	100%	100%	50%	80%
Exercise	80%	82%	60%	77%
Relaxation/meditation	50%	100%	67%	67%
Heat/cold	57%	72%	50%	61%
Acupuncture	0%	*	50%	50%
Physical therapy	50%	0%	38%	39%

^*No person in this subgroup reported using this particular method.

^†Other category includes participants who reported taking one or more of the following medication classes: Anticonvulsants; antidepressants; over the counter medications (e.g., glucosamine); alternative/complementary agents (e.g., herbal preparations); epidural injections; and dermal preparations (e.g., lidoderm patch).