Table 3.

Associations between ga-jung-kyo-yuk and authoritarian and authoritative styles, parental warmth, and acceptance

Independent Variables	Dependent Variables
	Authoritarian		Authoritative		Warmth		Acceptance
N	431		431		431		431
	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE
Sampling source controls
School-based sampling	0.018	0.071	−0.033	0.064	0.046	0.075	−0.011	0.066
Church-based sampling	−0.033	0.066	−0.156*	0.060	0.010	0.071	−0.086	0.062
Demographic controls
Parental income	0.013	0.029	0.004	0.027	0.032	0.031	0.010	0.027
Parental education	0.065*	0.032	0.015	0.029	−0.026	0.034	−0.026	0.030
Fathers	0.081	0.060	−0.139*	0.054	−0.257***	0.064	−0.254***	0.056
Parental age	−0.008	0.007	0.006	0.006	0.013	0.007	0.017**	0.006
Boys	−0.039	0.055	0.035	0.050	−0.058	0.058	−0.015	0.051
Youth age	0.003	0.004	0.037	0.022	0.002	0.026	0.023	0.023
Parental acculturation controls
Years in US	0.003	0.004	−0.012**	0.004	−0.002	0.005	−0.009*	0.004
English competence	−0.001	0.049	0.119**	0.045	0.034	0.052	0.059	0.046
Mainstream culture	−0.035	0.052	0.087	0.047	0.212***	0.055	0.190	0.048
American identity	0.004	0.040	0.023	0.037	0.029	0.043	0.011	0.037
Korean culture	0.175***	0.046	0.010	0.042	0.118*	0.050	0.018	0.044
Korean identity	−0.100	0.045	0.044	0.041	−0.013	0.048	0.028	0.042
Korean ga-jung-kyo-yuk constructs
Korean traditional parental virtue	0.018	0.064	0.268***	0.058	0.260***	0.068	0.255***	0.059
Enculturation of familial/cultural values	0.026	0.075	0.212**	0.068	0.364***	0.079	0.297**	0.069
Korean traditional etiquette	0.161**	0.046	0.099*	0.042	0.026	0.049	0.098*	0.043
Co-sleeping arrangement	−0.022	0.098	−0.159	0.089	−0.118	0.104	−0.016	0.091
Age of separate sleeping	0.010	0.009	0.004	0.008	0.008	0.009	0.001	0.008
Korean traditional disciplinary practices	0.231**	0.073	−0.122	0.066	−0.102	0.078	−0.115	0.068
Gender X Korean parental virtue	0.056	0.127	0.123	0.115	0.171	0.135	0.175	0.118
Gender X familial and cultural value	0.087	0.153	−0.042	0.138	−0.144	0.162	0.029	0.141
Gender X Korean traditional etiquette	0.002	0.091	0.037	0.083	−0.005	0.097	−0.113	0.085
Gender X co-sleeping	0.023	0.203	−0.241	0.183	0.027	0.216	−0.091	0.188
Gender X age of separate sleeping	0.000	0.019	0.011	0.017	0.002	0.020	0.006	0.017
Gender X traditional discipline	−0.020	0.145	−0.242	0.131	0.078	0.154	0.010	0.134
R2	13.51%		24.76%		26.70%		27.85%

Note: b = unstandardized regression coefficient; SE = standard error.

The top of the rows shows coefficients from the main effect models (without interactions) and the bottom of the rows show only interaction coefficients from the models with interaction product terms added.

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001;