Table 1.
List of the 20 Most Commonly Spoken Languages and Corresponding Available Aphasia Tests.
| Languages | Aphasia Language Tests | Control Norms* | Norms on people with aphasia** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Chinese (includes Mandarin and Cantonese) | - Bilingual Aphasia Test1 (•Paradis & Shen, 1987) | no | no |
| - Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination2 (•Tseng, 1993; Naeser & Chan, 1980) | ? | ? | ||
| - Boston Naming Test3 (Tsang, 2000) | ? | ? | ||
| - Aphasia Battery in Chinese (Gao, 1996) | ? | yes | ||
| - Chinese Rehabilitation Research Center Standard Aphasia Examination (Zhang, Ji, & Li, 2005) | ? | yes | ||
| - Western Aphasia Battery4 (Cantonese version, also includes adapted items from Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination; Yiu, 1992) | ? | yes | ||
| 2. | Spanish | - Aphasia Language Performance Scale (•Keenan & Brassel, 1975) | ? | ? |
| - Bilingual Aphasia Test (•Paradis, & Ardila, 1989; •Paradis & Elias, 1987) | no | no | ||
| - Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (•Garcia-Albea, Sanchez-Bernardos, & del Viso-Pabon, 1986; Pineda et al., 2002; Rosselli, Ardila, Florez, & Castro, 1990) | yes | ? | ||
| - Boston Naming Test (•Kaplan, Goodglass, & Weintraub, 1986; Allegri et al., 1997; Kohnert, Hernandez, & Bates, 1998; Ponton et al., 1992, 1996; Taussig, Henderson, & Mack, 1992) | yes | ? | ||
| - Communicative Abilities in Daily Living (Martin, Manning, Munoz, & Montero, 1990) | yes | yes | ||
| - Multilingual Aphasia Examination (•Benton, & Hamsher, 1991; Rey et al., 1999, 2001) | yes | yes (TBI) | ||
| - Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia5 (•Valle & Cuetos, 1995) | ? | ? | ||
| - Western Aphasia Battery (•Kertesz et al., 1990) | ? | ? | ||
| 3. | English | For extensive lists of standardized aphasia language tests available in English see Spreen and Risser (2003) and Patterson and Chapey (2008). | - | - |
| 4. | Arabic | - Bilingual Aphasia Test (•Paradis & Abidi, 1987; •Paradis & El Halees, 1989) | no | no |
| 5. | Hindi | - All India Institute of Medical Sciences Diagnostic Test of Aphasia (Bhatnagar, n.d.; 1984; 2002) | ? | ? |
| - Bilingual Aphasia Test (•Paradis & Vaid, 1987) | no | no | ||
| - Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (Kacker et al., 1991) | ? | yes | ||
| - Communicative Abilities in Daily Living (Mahendra, 2004) | yes | yes | ||
| 6. | Bengali | No aphasia tests were found | - | - |
| 7. | Portuguese | - Aachen Aphasia Test6 (Lauterbach, 2006) | yes | no |
| - Bilingual Aphasia Test (•Paradis & Hub Faria, 1989; •Paradis, Simões, & Dillinger, 1987) | no | no | ||
| 8. | Russian | - Bilingual Aphasia Test (•Paradis & Zeiber, 1987; Ivanova & Hallowell, 2009) | no | yes |
| - Multiple-Choice Test of Auditory Comprehension in Russian (Hallowell & Ivanova, 2009) | yes | yes | ||
| - Quantitative Language Assessment in Patients with Aphasia (Kolichestvennaya Ocenka Rechi y Bol'nux s Aphasieu; •Tsvetkova et al., 1981) | yes | yes | ||
| 9. | Japanese | - Bilingual Aphasia Test (•Paradis & Hagiwara, 1987) | no | no |
| - Communication Activities of Daily Living (•Watamori et al., 1990; Sasanuma, 1991; Watamori et al., 1987) | yes | yes | ||
| - Standard Language Test of Aphasia (•SLTA Committee, 1977; Hasegawa et al., 1984; Higashikawa, Hadano, & Hata, 2006) | yes | yes | ||
| - Test of Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia (Sasanuma, Itah, Watamori, Fukusako, & Monoi, 1992) | ? | ? | ||
| - Western Aphasia Battery (•Sugishita, 1986) | ? | ? | ||
| 10. | German | - Aachen Aphasia Test (•Huber, Poeck, Weniger, & Willmes, 1983) | yes | yes |
| - Bilingual Aphasia Test (•Paradis & Lindner, 1987) | no | no | ||
| - Lexicon and Morphology Test (Lexikon Modellorientiert; •De Bleser, Cholewa, Stadie, & Tabatabaie, 2004, 1997; Stadie, De Bleser, Cholewa, & Tabatabaie, 1994) | ? | ? | ||
| 11. | Javanese | No aphasia tests were found | - | - |
| 12. | Lahnda (includes Panjabi and Seraiki) | - Aphasia Screening Test (Mumby, 1988, 1990) | no | yes |
| 13. | Telugu | No aphasia tests were found | - | - |
| 14. | Vietnamese | - Bilingual Aphasia Test (•Paradis & Truong, 1987) | no | no |
| 15. | Marathi | No aphasia tests were found | - | - |
| 16. | French | - Bilingual Aphasia Test (•Paradis & Goldblum, 1987) | no | no |
| - Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (•Mazaux & Orgogozo, 1982) | yes | ? | ||
| - Boston Naming Test (Roberts & Doucet, 2011; Thuillard-Colombo & Assal, 1992) | yes | no | ||
| - Examination of Acquired Dyslexias (Examen des Dyslexies Acquises; •Lemay, 1990, 1988) | yes | ? | ||
| - Lille Test of Communication (Test Lillois de Communication; •Rousseaux, Delacour, Wyrzykowski, & Lefeuvre, 2003; Delacour, Wyrzykowski, Lefeuvre, & Rousseaux, 2000) | ? | ? | ||
| - Montreal–Toulouse Aphasia Battery (•Nespoulos et al., 1992; Beland & Lecours, 1990; Beland, Lecours, Giroux, & Bois, 1993) | yes | ? | ||
| - Picture Naming Test (Test de Dénomination Orale d'Images; •Deloche & Hannequin, 1997; Metz-Lutz et al., 1991) | yes | ? | ||
| - Test for the Examination of Aphasia (Test pour l'Examen de l'Aphasie; •Ducarne, 1989) | ? | ? | ||
| 17. | Korean | - Bilingual Aphasia Test (•Paradis & Suh, 1991) | no | no |
| - Boston Naming Test (•Kim & Na, 1997; 1999) | yes | no | ||
| - Korean Aphasia Test Battery Form 1 (based on the Japanese Test of Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia; Park, Sasanuma, Sunwoo, Rah, & Shin, 1992) | yes | yes | ||
| - Screening Test for Aphasia and Neurologic Communication Disorders (•Kim, 2009) | yes | yes | ||
| - Western Aphasia Battery (•Kim & Na, 2001, 2004) | yes | yes | ||
| 18. | Tamil | - Bilingual Aphasia Test (•Paradis, & Devanathan, 1989) | no | no |
| - Revised Token Test (•Sreedevi, 1991; Chenggapa, 2009) | ? | yes | ||
| 19. | Italian | - Aachen Aphasia Test (•Luzzati, Willmes, & De Bleser, 1996) | ? | ? |
| - Bilingual Aphasia Test (•Paradis, Canzanella, & Baruzzi, 1987) | no | no | ||
| - Boston Naming Test (D'Agostino, 1985) | yes | no | ||
| - Communicative Abilities in Daily Living (Pizzamiglio et al., 1984) | ? | ? | ||
| - Clinical Test of Lexical Retrieval and Production (Test Clinici di Ricerca e Produzione Lessicale; Novelli et al., 1986) | yes | ? | ||
| - Italian Battery for Assessing Aphasic Deficits (Batteria per l'Analisi dei Deficit Afasici; •Miceli, Laudanna, Burani, & Capasso, 1994) | ? | ? | ||
| 20. | Urdu | - Bilingual Aphasia Test (•Paradis & Janjua, 1987) | no | no |
Note. The content for this table was developed through an extensive review of the literature, internet searches through multiple search engines, and correspondence with colleagues studying aphasia in many countries. Given that many assessment tools are unpublished and that others may only be found through searches in languages the authors do not know, this table is not necessarily exhaustive. Only quantitative tests, for which a specific source could be located, even if it was a reference to an unpublished manuscript or a conference presentation, are listed in this table. Versions of tests that are mentioned in studies/books but without a corresponding source or with a corresponding English version are not included. Also, questionnaires and rating scales are not included.
before a citation denotes an official separate publication of the test itself; other citations refer to sources that report on the test's construction, development, and standardization. Whenever possible the latest version of the test is provided as a reference.
yes = test has been standardized on adult individuals without aphasia and norms and psychometric data are available; no = not standardized; ? = not possible to determine that based on the available information
yes = test has been standardized on adult individuals with aphasia and aphasia norms and psychometric data are available; no = not standardized; ? = not possible to determine that based on the available information
The multiple-language versions of the Bilingual Aphasia Test were initially designed to evaluate bilingual patients; however, any single version of the test can be used on its own to assess linguistic functioning in a single language in which other assessment instruments are not available (Paradis,1987). The BAT is available in over 60 languages (Paradis, n.d.). The BAT is currently out of print. One can obtain copies of the test by writing directly to Dr. Paradis or download the test materials from http://www.mcgill.ca/linguistics/research/bat/.
The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination is also available in Finnish (Laine, Goodglass, et al., 1993; Laine, Niemi, Koivuselkä-Sallinen, & Tuomainen, 1993), Norwegian (Reinvang & Graves, 1975), and Thai (Gandour, Dardarananda, Buckingham, & Viriyavejakul, 1986).
The Boston Naming Test is also available in Dutch (Marien, Mampaey, Vervaet, Saerens, & De Deyn, 1998), Finnish (Laine, Goodglass, et al., 1993; Laine, Koivuselkä-Sallinen, Hännine, & Niemi, 1993), Jamaican (Unverzagt, Morgan, & Thesiger, 1999), and Swedish (Tallberg, 2004).
The Western Aphasia Battery is also available in Hebrew (Soroker, 1997) and Thai (Dardarananda, Potisuk, Grandour, & Holasuit, 1999).
The Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia is also available in Dutch (Bastiaanse, Bosje, & Visch-Brink, 1995).
The Aachen Aphasia Test is also available in Dutch (Graetz, De Bleser, & Willmes, 1992; Willmes, Graetz, De Bleser, Schulte, & Keyser, 1991), English (Miller, De Bleser, & Willmes, 1997; Miller, Willmes, & De Bleser, 2000), and Thai (Pracharitpukdee, Phanthumchinda, Huber, & Willmes, 2000).