Table 1. In most classic examples of adaptive radiation in isolated, competitor-reduced environments, a few species have invaded novel ecological niches in which they exploit omnipresent resources for the first time relative to niche use within their much larger paraphyletic outgroup.

	novel niches within adaptive radiation	outgroup niche use	references
Darwin's finches	blood and parasite-feeder, folivore, tool-using wood-probing insectivore, cactus-feeder, warbler-like insectivore	all other domed-nest tanagers: granivores, nectar-feeders	[12], [13]
Hawaiian honeycreepers	wood-probing insectivores, including beetle larvae and weevil specialists, cross-billed caterpillar specialists, host-specialized nectar-feeders, frugivores, insectivores	Cardueline finches: granivores	[86], [87], [97]
Cuban Anolis lizards	Twig-giant facultative molluscivores as juveniles	all other Anolis: arboreal, stream, and terrestrial insectivores, rarely consuming molluscs	[9], [98]
haplochromine cichlid fishes in Lakes Malawi and Victoria	scale-eaters, fry-stealing specialists, ambush and pursuit piscivores, zooplanktivores, shrimp-eaters, sand-sifters, parasite-feeders	all other haplochromine cichlids: algivores, detritivores, and omnivores	[29], [99]
Lake Baikal sculpin	fully pelagic viviparous amphipod-feeders, deep-water specialists	other freshwater sculpin ( Cottus ): shallow-water benthic omnivores	[100], [101]
Lake Baikal amphipods	pelagic mysidiform, brood parasites, egg parasites, burrowers, free-swimming predators with extensive gigantism and sexual dimorphism	all other freshwater amphipods ( Gammarus ): benthic detritivores	[102], [103]
Hawaiian Drosophilidae	larval specialists on spider eggs, flowers, leaves, roots, stems, bark, tree sap, leaf-miners	continental Drosophilidae: larval specialists on fruits, fungi, plants	[104]–[106]
Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders	web-less pursuit hunters, web-builders using new habitats in canopy and forest floor	continental Tetragnatha: riparian web-builders	[107]–[109]
Hawaiian silverswords	monocarpic and polycarpic rosette plants, trees, shrubs, lianas, cushion plants, mat plants	California tarweeds: annual and perennial herbs	[22], [110]
Guianan Brocchinia bromeliads	insect carnivores, myrmecophytes, trees, mutualist with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, fire-resistant species	other bromeliads: tank-forming epiphytes, terrestrial bushes	[5]

Note that only novel niches within adaptive radiations are listed (in nearly all cases, niche diversity observed in outgroups is also contained in adaptive radiations).