Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants by sex.
| Characteristic | Male | Female | Total |
| No. of participants (%) | 146 (26.1) | 414 (73.9) | 560 (100) |
| No. of visit (mean ± SD) | 3.1±1.3 | 3.4±1.4 | 3.3±1.4 |
| Mean age (min-max) | 71.4 (62–84) | 70.5 (60–87) | 70.7 (60–87) |
| Height [mean ± SD (cm)] | 164.3±5.3 | 151.3±5.1 | 154.7±5.1 |
| Weight [mean ± SD (Kg)] | 65.7±9.8 | 57.1±7.4 | 59.3±8.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2), no. (%) | |||
| ≥30 | 5 (3.4) | 19 (4.6) | 24 (4.3) |
| 25∼<30 | 51 (34.9) | 168 (45.2) | 219 (39.1) |
| <25 | 90 (61.7) | 227 (54.8) | 317 (56.6) |
| No. of current smokers (%) | 31 (21.2) | 1 (0.2) | 32 (5.7) |
| Education, no. (%) | |||
| <High school graduate (%) | 71 (49.6) | 326 (81.3) | 397 (73.0) |
| High school graduate (%) | 40 (28.0) | 63 (15.7) | 103 (18.9) |
| ≥College graduate (%) | 32 (22.4) | 12 (3.0) | 44 (8.1) |
| Regular exercise, no. of yes (%) | 90 (62.9) | 253 (62.8) | 343 (62.8) |
| Glucose (fasting levels in serum) [mean ± SD (mmol/L)] (range) | 5.42±1.15 (3.50∼10.99) | 5.32±1.13 (3.89∼16.32) | 5.34±1.14 (3.50∼16.32) |
| Insulin (fasting levels in serum) [mean ± SD (μU/mL)] (range) | 6.15±4.58 (0.70∼28.00) | 7.14±6.41 (0.90∼76.30) | 6.88±5.99 (0.70∼76.30) |
| HOMA (mean ± SD) (range) | 1.54±1.31 (0.15∼7.39) | 1.76±1.84 (0.22∼21.46) | 1.70±1.72 (0.15∼21.46) |
| Disease history | |||
| No. of DM (%) | 25 (17.1) | 66 (15.9) | 91 (16.3) |
| No. of DM on medication (%) | 24 (16.4) | 64 (15.5) | 88 (15.7) |
| No. of hypertension (%) | 76 (52.1) | 209 (50.5) | 285 (50.9) |
| No. of hyperlipidemia (%) | 47 (32.2) | 136 (32.9) | 183 (32.7) |
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; DM, diabetes mellitus.