Fig. 4.

Cytokine and chemokine expression by TLR2 or TLR4-ligand stimulated Müller cells. Total RNA was isolated from passage 6 Müller cells which were treated with PAM3 (1 μg/ml) or LPS (0.1 μg/ml) for 6 h. cDNA was generated and the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, MIP-2/CXCL2, MCP-1/CCL2, and MIP-1α/CCL3 was analyzed by real-time PCR using specific primers. The concentration of the gene of interest was determined using the comparative threshold cycle number and normalized to that of the GAPDH (amount of target = 2^−∆∆CT). Representative results from three independent experiments are shown. All values represent the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, statistically significant difference in cytokine and chemokine expression from the control group