Table 2.
Outcome measures at 4 weeks and 12 weeks (means and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for respective baseline value).
| Outcomes | Adjusted differences to baseline (95% CI) mindful walking n = 36 |
Adjusted differences to baseline (95% CI) control (no intervention) n = 38 |
Adjusted means (95% CI) mindful walking n = 36 |
Adjusted means (95% CI) control (no intervention) n = 38 |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At 4 weeks | |||||
| Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (14 items)** | −8.8 (−10.8; −6.8) | −1.0 (−2.9; 0.9) | 24.2 (22.2; 26.2) | 32.0 (30.1; 33.9) | <0.001 |
| Visual analogue scale (0–100 mm)** | −24.0 (−31.4; −16.7) | −10.4 (−17.5; −3.3) | 47.0 (39.6; 54.3) | 60.6 (53.5; 67.7) | 0.010 |
| SF-36—mental component score* | 9.1 (6.2; 12.0) | 1.1 (−1.8; 3.9) | 43.2 (40.2; 46.1) | 35.1 (32.3; 38.0) | <0.001 |
| SF-36—physical component score* | 0.1 (−1.7; 1.9) | −0.7 (−2.5; 1.0) | 50.5 (48.8; 52.3) | 49.7 (48.0; 51.4) | 0.492 |
| SF-36—vitality scale* | 12.6 (7.7; 17.5) | 2.9 (−1.9; 7.7) | 50.2 (45.3; 55.1) | 40.5 (35.7; 45.3) | 0.006 |
| SF-36—physical functioning scale* | 0.6 (−2.37; 3.6) | −3.5 (−6.4; −0.6) | 86.3 (83.3; 89.3) | 82.2 (79.3; 85.1) | 0.054 |
| SF-36—bodily pain scale* | 4.7 (−2.4; 11.9) | −1.3 (−8.2; 5.7) | 73.2 (66.1; 80.3) | 67.2 (60.3; 74.2) | 0.238 |
| SF-36—general health perceptions scale* | 4.9 (0.4; 9.4) | −1.1 (−5.4; 3.3) | 65.4 (60.9; 69.9) | 59.4 (55.0; 63.8) | 0.063 |
| SF-36—physical role functioning scale* | 11.3 (1.9; 20.8) | 3.1 (−6.1; 12.3) | 72.5 (63.0; 81.9) | 64.2 (55.1; 73.4) | 0.218 |
| SF-36—emotional role functioning scale* | 16.2 (4.3; 28.1) | −2.2 (−13.8; 9.4) | 65.3 (53.4; 77.2) | 46.9 (35.3; 58.5) | 0.033 |
| SF-36—social role functioning scale* | 18.8 (12.2; 25.3) | 4.9 (−1.5; 11.3) | 74.7 (68.1; 81.2) | 60.8 (54.5; 67.2) | 0.004 |
| SF-36—mental health scale* | 13.3 (9.1; 17.5) | 2.0 (−2.2; 6.1) | 63.2 (58.9; 67.4) | 51.8 (47.7; 56.0) | <0.001 |
| At 12 weeks | |||||
| Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale** | −7.2 (−9.4; −5.0) | −3.8 (−5.7; −1.7) | 25.8 (23.6; 28.0) | 29.2 (27.0; 31.3) | 0.031 |
| Visual analogue scale** | −21.3 (−29.1; −13.5) | −18.2 (−25.7; −10.6) | 49.6 (41.8; 57.5) | 52.8 (45.2; 60.4) | 0.562 |
| SF-36—mental component score* | 7.5 (4.2; 10.8) | 2.0 (−1.2; 5.2) | 41.5 (38.2; 44.8) | 36.02 (32.8; 39.2) | 0.021 |
| SF-36—physical component score* | 0.9 (−0.9; 2.7) | 0.9 (−0.9; 2.7) | 51.3 (49.5; 53.1) | 51.3 (49.6; 53.1) | 0.989 |
| SF-36—vitality scale* | 11.6 (6.5; 16.7) | 6.4 (1.4; 11.3) | 49.2 (44.1; 54.3) | 43.9 (39.0; 48.9) | 0.145 |
| SF-36—physical functioning scale* | 1.2 (−1.7; 4.1) | −1.3 (−4.1; 1.5) | 86.7 (84.0; 89.7) | 84.4 (81.6; 87.2) | 0.226 |
| SF-36—bodily pain scale* | 4.7 (−1.7; 11.1) | 3.2 (−3.0; 9.4) | 73.2 (66.8; 79.6) | 71.7 (65.5; 77.9) | 0.742 |
| SF-36—general health perceptions scale* | 5.9 (1.0; 10.8) | 0.4 (−4.4; 5.2) | 66.4 (61.5; 71.3) | 60.9 (56.1; 65.7) | 0.119 |
| SF-36—physical role functioning scale* | 13.6 (5.0; 22.2) | 9.5 (1.1; 17.8) | 74.8 (66.2; 83.4) | 70.6 (62.2; 79.0) | 0.493 |
| SF-36—emotional role functioning scale* | 18.9 (7.4; 30.4) | 0.5 (−10.7; 11.7) | 68.0 (56.5; 79.5) | 49.6 (38.4; 60.8) | 0.027 |
| SF-36—social role functioning scale* | 14.2 (6.5; 22.0) | 8.9 (1.3; 16.5) | 70.2 (62.4; 77.9) | 64.8 (57.2; 72.4) | 0.336 |
| SF-36—mental health scale* | 9.2 (4.3; 14.1) | 2.9 (−2.0; 7.7) | 59.1 (54.1; 64.0) | 52.8 (48.0; 57.6) | 0.073 |
Abbreviations: *higher values indicating better QoL, **lower values indicating less distress.