Table 1. Phenotypes of mutants with disrupted FGF signalling.

Gene and allele	Phenotype	References
Mouse
Fgf4 KO	Post-implantation lethality; impaired ICM proliferation; defect  in TE and PrE maintenance	Feldman et al., 1995; Goldin and Papaioannou, 2003
Fgf8 KO	Early embryonic lethal; failure of cell migration during  gastrulation	Meyers et al., 1998; Sun et al., 1999
Fgfr1 KO	Lethal E7.5-9.5; defect in morphogenetic movements; lack of  paraxial mesoderm (PxM); inability to migrate away from the  primitive streak	Yamaguchi et al., 1994; Deng et al., 1994;  Ciruna et al., 1997
Fgfr2 KO	Early embryonic lethal; defect in visceral endoderm  differentiation and in ICM maintenance	Arman et al., 1998
Xenopus
DN FGFR1	Defects in mesoderm specification and gastrulation  movements; loss of trunk and tail	Amaya et al., 1991; Amaya et al., 1993
DN FGFR4	Blocks anterior neural induction; represses posterior neural  induction	Hongo et al., 1999; Hardcastle et al., 2000
MO FGF4	Inhibits muscle formation; expanded blood	Fisher et al., 2002; Isaacs et al., 2007
MO FGF8	Disruption of gastrulation; reduction of paraxial mesoderm,  hindbrain and spinal cord	Fletcher et al., 2006
MO FGF8a	Lack of posterior neuronal tissue	Fletcher et al., 2006
SU5402 (general FGF  receptor antagonist)	Open blastopore; decreased expression of mesodermal  markers; inhibition of PxM induction; failure in axial  mesoderm maintenance	Sivak et al., 2005; Fletcher and Harland, 2008
Drosophila
heartless	Defect in mesodermal cell migration; lack of visceral mesoderm	Gisselbrecht et al., 1996; Beiman et al., 1996
thisbe	Defect in mesoderm spreading	Kadam et al., 2009
pyramus	Lack of differentiation of dorsal mesoderm	Kadam et al., 2009
Zebrafish
Fgf8 (mutants and MO)	Defects in somitogenesis and in MHB maintenance; defect in  L/R axis specification	Reifers et al., 1998; Albertson and Yelick, 2005
Fgf8 (mutant) +  Fgf24 (MO)	Lack of posterior mesoderm	Draper et al., 2003
Fgf4 (MO)	Defect in L/R axis specification	Yamauchi et al., 2009
DN Fgfr1	Loss of trunk and tail; loss of ntl expression	Griffin et al., 1995
DN Fgfr3	Defect in AP patterning of the neural plate and absence of  notochord	Ota et al., 2009
Chick
SU5402	Disruption of movements of streak cells; lack of neuronal  induction	Yang et al., 2002; Streit et al., 2000
DN FGFR1	Disruption of spinal cord elongation	Mathis et al., 2001
Other organisms
Sea urchin MO FGFA	Failure of PMC migration	Rottinger et al., 2007
Ascidian FGF4/6/9/20 (MO) +FGF8/17/18 (MO)	Absence of mesenchymal cells No neural induction	Imai et al., 2002; Bertrand et al., 2003;  Yasuo and Hudson, 2007
FGF9/16/20 (MO)	Absence of notochord

AP, anterior posterior; DN, dominant negative; ICM, inner cell mass; KO, knockout; L/R, left/right; MHB, midbrain-hindbrain; MO, morpholino oligonucleotide; ntl, no tail; PMC, primary mesenchyme cells; PrE, primitive endoderm; PxM, paraxial mesoderm; TE, trophectoderm.