. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Calcif Tissue Int. 2013 Jul 5;93(2):101–120. doi: 10.1007/s00223-013-9758-y

TABLE 5. Studies of community-dwelling populations having a diagnosis of sarcopenia or frailty and QoL assessment.

	Population	Diagnosis of Sarcopenia/Frailty	QOL	Results
Sayer et al. (2006) [114] England	N = 2,987; aged 59–73 years, mean age = 66.6 years; 47% of the cohort were women.	Sarcopenia: grip strength (mean values were: 44.0 ± 7.5kg for men and 26.5 ± 5.8kg for women)	SF-36	Men Women	Decreased grip strength correlated with: poor PH and GH poor PH, GH,RP, VT and BP
Masel et al. (2009) [122] USA (Hispanic population)	N = 1008; aged 74 years and older, mean age = 82.3 ± 4.3 years; 63% women; 40% overweight, 26% obese.	Frailty (Fried criteria)	SF-36	Robust Pre-frail Frail	Pop 26% 54% 20%	QOL Physical 44 ± 10 36 ± 12 29 ± 10	QOL Mental (subscores) 58 ± 6 54 ± 11 47 ± 13
Bilotta et al. (2010) [93] Italy	N = 239; mean age = 81.5 ± 6.3 years; 67% women; 4.3 chronic diseases; 5.4 drugs/day; 26% had depression/dementia.	Frailty using the 3 criteria from Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (weight loss, exhaustion & 5 times chair rise exercise)	OPQOL	Robust Pre-frail Frail	Pop 30% 37% 33%	OPQOL total score 126 ± 13 116 ± 14 107 ± 13
Lin et al. (2011) [123] Taiwan	N = 933; 38% aged 65-70 years; 25% aged 71-75yr, 37% aged >75yrs; 48% women.	Frailty (Fried criteria)	SF-36	Robust Pre-frail Frail	Pop 47% 44% 10%	QOL Physical 50 (SE 0.5) 48 (SE 0.5) 43 (SE 0.8)	QOL Mental (subscores) 56 (SE 0.6) 54 (SE 0.6) 53 (SE 0.9)
Chang et al. (2012) [124] Taiwan	N = 374; mean age = 74.6 ± 6.3 years; 53% women; 16% with fall in previous year; number of comorbidities = 1.4 ± 1.2;	Frailty (Fried criteria) and using TGUG for slowness criterion (lowest 20%)	SF-36	Robust Pre-frail Frail	Pop 31% 63% 6%	QOL Physical 49 ± 8 48 ± 8 40 ± 8	QOL Mental (subscores) 57 ± 8 52 ± 9 43 ± 12
Kull et al. (2012) [125] Estonia	N = 227; aged 40-70 years, mean age = 55 years; 53% women.	Sarcopenia: hand-grip strength < 6.5kg/cm² F / < 24.4kg/cm² M; or ALM using DXA < 4.87kg/m² F / < 6.60kg/m² M (BMD also measured)	SF-36	(sub) Normal Sarcopen Osteopen ‘Sarco-os-’	Pop 53% 14% 39% 7%	QOL Physical 50 na 50 47	QOL Mental 48 na 49 42
Gobbens et al. (2012) [126] Netherlands	N = 484; aged 75 years and older; N = 336 at 1 year follow-up; N = 266 at 2 years follow-up.	Frailty assessed according to the Tilburg Frailty Indicator at baseline	WHOQOL -BREF QLSI	Medium to very large associations of frailty with advers outcomes and poor QOL 1 or 2 years later.
Langlois et al. (2012) [127] Canada	N = 83 (39 frail + 44 non-frail	Frailty assessed using a geriatric examination and scored using the Modified Physical Performance Test	QLSI	Frail elders reported poor self-perception of physical capacity, cognition, affectivity, housekeeping efficacy, and physical health.

Notes: All studies were of community dwelling individuals; all studies except Gobbens et al were cross-sectional; unless stated patients were at least 65 years old for inclusion

Abbreviations: ALM: appendicular lean mass; BMD: bone mineral density, BP: bodily pain; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; GH: general health, na: not available; PH: physical health; Pop: population; QLSI: Quality of Life Systemic Inventory Questionnaire; RP role physical; VT: vitality.