Table 3.

Mean Responses and Standard Deviations to Imagery Scenes by Control and PTSD Groups

Response Modality/Imagery Scene	Control	PTSD	Group Effect
Pleasure (1–9)
Neutral	6.93 (1.53)	6.41 (1.74)	F(1,121) = 3.04, ns
Anger	2.79 (1.22)^a	2.59 (1.14)^a	F(1,121) = .90, ns
Panic attack	4.00 (1.08)^a	3.49 (1.49)^a	F(1,121) = 4.82, p < .05
Survival threat	2.68 (.99)^a	2.59 (1.36)^a	F(1,121) = .20, ns
Personal/idiographic threat	2.65 (1.41)^a	1.62 (1.11)^a	F(1,119) = 17.99, p < .001
Arousal (1–9)
Neutral	2.31 (1.54)	3.10 (1.78)	F(1,121) = 6.81, p < .05
Anger	6.15 (1.78)^a	6.73 (1.71)^a	F(1,121) = 3.22, p < .05^b
Panic attack	5.37 (1.90)^a	6.88 (1.44)^a	F(1,121) = 21.80, p < .001
Survival threat	6.69 (1.53)^a	6.99 (1.70)^a	F(1,121) = 1.00, ns
Personal/idiographic threat	7.69 (1.67)^a	8.12 (1.66)^a	F(1,119) = 1.93, ns
Startle Reflex (t score)
Neutral	49.76 (5.01)	52.16 (10.78)	F(1,107) = 2.50, ns
Anger	51.16 (6.08)	56.34 (15.56)^a	F(1,107) = 5.54, p < .05
Panic attack	51.51 (7.20)^a	55.30 (9.53)^a	F(1,107) = 5.53, p < .05
Survival threat	54.57 (8.22)^a	57.42 (13.80)^a	F(1,107) = 1.83, ns
Personal/idiographic threat	53.58 (7.33)^a	59.37 (24.86)^a	F(1,107) = 3.24, p < .05^b
SCL Δ (log [μS + 1])
Neutral	−.006 (.036)	−.013 (.061)	F(1,118) = 4.87, p < .05
Anger	.0005 (.035)	.012 (.048)	F(1,119) = 2.52, ns
Panic attack	.0009 (.042)	.011 (.067)	F(1,117) = .98, ns
Survival threat	.004 (.022)^a	.031 (.089)^a	F(1,118) = 6.30, p < .05
Personal/idiographic threat	.045 (.086)^a	.063 (.145)^a	F(1,118) = .79, ns
Heart Rate Δ (bpm)
Neutral	−.46 (2.03)	−.95 (2.04)	F(1,120) = 1.68, ns
Anger	−.27 (1.43)	−.68 (1.37)	F(1,120) = 2.49, ns
Panic attack	−.22 (1.50)	.20 (1.62)^a	F(1,121) = 2.40, ns
Survival threat	.04 (1.00)^a	–.29 (1.12)^a	F(1,121) = 3.02, ns
Personal/idiographic threat	1.00 (1.00)^a	2.02 (3.07)^a	F(1,120) = 4.56, p < .05
Corrugator EMG Δ (μV)
Neutral	−.07 (.79)	.18 (1.71)	F(1,122) = 1.19, ns
Anger	1.17 (2.77)^a	.80 (1.67)^a	F(1,122) = .72, ns
Panic attack	.49 (1.40)^a	.60 (1.24)^a	F(1,122) = .19, ns
Survival threat	.96 (1.98)^a	1.34 (2.10)^a	F(1,122) = 1.05, ns
Personal/idiographic threat	1.17 (2.60)^a	2.66 (5.15)^a	F(1,122) = 4.52, p < .05

Note: Pleasure rated on SAM (50): 1 = completely unhappy, 9 = completely happy; Arousal rated on SAM: 1 = completely relaxed, 9 = completely aroused.

Δ, change; bpm, residual beats per minute after removal of baseline effects; EMG, electromyographic; μS, microsiemen; μV, microvolt; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SAM, Self-Assessment Manikin; SCL, skin conductance level.

Within-group comparison to neutral significant at p < .05.

One-tailed test.