Table 4.
Demographic, Interview, and Questionnaire Responses (Means and Standard Deviations) for Control and PTSD Exposure Subtypes
| Measure | Nonexposed Control | Trauma-Exposed Control | Single-Trauma PTSD | Multiple-Trauma PTSD | Group Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Questionnaire Measures | |||||
| ASI total | 8.41 (6.40)c,d | 10.05 (7.45)c,d | 28.0 (15.74)a,b,d | 43.17 (9.88)a,b,c | F(3,113) = 89.46, p < .001 |
| STAXI-Trait | 13.89 (3.47)c,d | 15.23 (4.52)c,d | 20.63 (7.41)a,b | 19.46 (6.22)a,b | F(3,117) = 11.53, p < .001 |
| STAXI-State | 10.26 (.74)c,d | 10.53 (1.74)c,d | 15.55 (7.28)a,b | 16.38 (7.64)a,b | F(3,119) =79.89, p < .001 |
| STAI-Trait | 30.87 (8.51)c,d | 30.69 (8.82)c,d | 53.67 (15.92)a,b,d | 61.87 (8.76)a,b,c | F(3,116) = 73.91, p < .001 |
| STAI-State | 28.59 (7.17)c,d | 27.87 (7.86)c,d | 54.55 (16.48)a,b | 59.37 (10.77)a,b | F(3,119) = 79.89, p < .001 |
| BDI total | 3.00 (3.85)c,d | 4.30 (5.42)c,d | 23.29 (11.45)a,b,d | 28.82 (8.38)a,b,c | F(3,120) = 10.89, p < .001 |
| QMI total | 87.83 (31.91) | 75.50 (24.62) | 97.95 (38.74) | 87.96 (33.07) | F(3,117) = 2.07, ns |
| Interview Measures | |||||
| Re-experiencing symptoms (0–40) | 25.86 (8.03) | 27.69 (8.15) | F(1,47) = .62, ns | ||
| Strategic avoidance symptoms (0–16) | 10.20 (4.57)d | 12.11 (3.77)c | F(1,47) = 2.60, p < .05e | ||
| Emotional numbing symptoms (0–24) | 12.50 (6.44)d | 17.76 (5.37)c | F(1,47) = 9.72, p < .01 | ||
| Hyperarousal symptoms (0–40) | 24.32 (5.90)d | 27.67 (6.14)c | F(1,47) = 3.12, p < .05e | ||
| Age of disorder onset (years) | 32.09 (12.81)d | 23.74 (13.15)c | F(1,47) = 5.00, p < .05 | ||
| PTSD chronicity (years) | 5.05 (10.31)d | 17.22 (14.25)c | F(1,47) = 11.24, p < .01 | ||
| PTSD severity (0–5) | 3.77 (.81)d | 4.44 (.58)c | F(1,47) = 11.41, p < .01 | ||
| Prognosis (1–4) | 1.86 (.77)d | 3.04 (.90)c | F(1,47) = 23.38, p < .001 | ||
| Comorbid Axis I disorders (count) | 1.23 (1.48)d | 2.52 (1.42)c | F(1,47) = 9.83, p < .01 | ||
| Comorbid anxiety disorder (%) | 31.8d | 74.1c | X2(1) =8.75, p < .01 | ||
| Comorbid depressive disorder (%) | 51.5d | 85.2c | X2(1) = 5.58, p < .05 | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 31.00 (11.08)d | 33.00 (12.48) | 37.14 (13.60) | 40.96 (11.14)a | F(3,121) =4.48, p < .01 |
| Gender (% female) | 67.39 | 63.33 | 68.18 | 74.07 | X2(3) = .77, ns |
| Race (% Caucasian) | 80.44 | 90.00 | 72.73 | 77.78 | X2(3) = 2.72, ns |
| College graduate (%) | 63.04d | 56.67d | 40.91a | 22.22a,b | X2(3) = 12.36, p < .001 |
Note. PTSD symptoms clusters = sum of severity ratings (9-point scale ranging from 0, None, to 8, Very severe) endorsed for each DSM-IV PTSD criterion on ADIS-IV (47) according to clusters (57). Age of onset = patient-reported onset of PTSD diagnosis. Chronicity of PTSD = years from patient-reported onset of diagnosis to assessment. PTSD Severity = clinician-rated severity (6-point scale ranging from 0, No features present, to 5, Diagnosis present; severe) reflecting both distress and interference. Prognosis = clinician-rated estimate of treatment prognosis (4-point scale ranging from 1, Excellent, to 4, Poor).
ADIS-IV, Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule for DSM-IV; ASI, Anxiety Sensitivity Index (82); BDI, Beck Depression Inventory (85); HSD, honestly significant difference; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; QMI Total, Questionnaire on Mental Imagery (86); STAXI-State, State scale of State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (83); STAXI-Trait, Trait scale STAXI (83); STAI-Trait, Trait scale of State Trait Anxiety Inventory (84); STAI-State, State scale of STAI (84).
Post hoc between-group comparison to nonexposed control is significant at p < .05 (results of Tukey HSD pairwise comparisons).
Post hoc between-group comparison to trauma-exposed control group is significant at p < .05 (results of Tukey HSD pairwise comparisons).
Post hoc between-group comparison to single-trauma PTSD group is significant at p < .05 (results of Tukey HSD pairwise comparisons).
Post hoc between-group comparison to multiple-trauma PTSD group is significant at p < .05 (results of Tukey HSD pairwise comparisons).
One-tailed test based on directional hypothesis that multiple-trauma PTSD group would exceed single-trauma PTSD group.