IL-1β and TNF-α both mediate apoptosis in neuronal cultures. Human neurons were treated with IL-1β (10 ng/ml) or TNF-α (50 ng/ml) for 2 days. A-I) IL-1β- or TNF-α-mediated neuronal apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assays. Apoptotic cells (TUNEL positive, A, D, and G), total cells (DAPI positive, B, E, and H), and their merged pictures (C, F, and I) were shown. d). Quantitative assessments of neuronal apoptosis were determined through counting TUNEL positive cells (green) over total cell number (DAPI, blue). A minimum of 10 photos per treatment group were analyzed. Staurosporine-treated neurons served as positive control for apoptosis. Data represent means ± SD, and *, P < 0.05, ***, P < 0.001 in comparison to control.