Table 1.

Equations

Cardiac output	Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
Cardiac index	Cardiac index = cardiac output/body surface area
Mean arterial blood pressure	Mean arterial blood pressure = 1/3(pulse pressure) + diastolic blood pressure
Total peripheral resistance	Total peripheral resistance = (mean arterial blood pressure − right atrial pressure)/cardiac output (assume that right atrial pressure = 0)
Cardiac work	Cardiac work = cardiac output × mean arterial blood pressure
Ejection fraction	Ejection fraction = stroke volume/end-diastolic volume
Myocardial O2 consumption	Myocardial O2 consumption = systolic blood pressure × heart rate
Wall stress	Wall stress = (blood pressure × diameter)/4(wall thickness) (assume systolic pressure = systolic arterial pressure and diastolic pressure = 7 mmHg)
Index	Index = (X)/body surface area
Volume of a sphere	Volume = 4/3(πr3), where r is the radius
Volume of a cylinder	Volume = 4r(πr2), where r is the radius (assume the long axis is twice the diameter at the base)