(a) Cross-linking of proteins to PDMS micropatterned with PAA. The PDMS is photopatterned with PAA. In a subsequent step, amide bonds are formed between the carboxyl groups of the PAA and amino groups of proteins. Reprinted with permission from Y. Wang et al., Anal. Chem. 77, 7539 (2005). Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society. (b) PAA-grafted PDMS for protein immobilization. (1) Native PDMS, (2) PDMS with a grafted layer of PAA, and (3) PDMS with a grafted layer of PAA that has been conjugated with FITC-casein. Reprinted with permission from L. K. Fiddes et al., Biomaterials 31, 315 (2010). Copyright 2010 Elsevier. (c) GMA photopolymerization and protein immobilization in a specific region on a glass slide using glycidyl functionalized hydrogel. Adapted from K. H. Park et al., Biosens. Bioelectron. 22, 613 (2006) with permission from Elsevier. (d) Detailed schematic of how covalently attached, photografted, antibody-containing tethers can be used to provide rapid detection of a specific antigen using a sandwich immunoassay approach. Adapted with permission from R. P. Sebra et al., Anal. Chem. 78, 3144 (2006). Copyright 2006 American Chemical Society.