Table 3. Regression analysis of the effect of explanatory variables on the risk of transmission (early-onset).

Variables	Maternal Infection/Neonatal Infection (n = 16)					Maternal Colonization/Neonatal Infection (n = 14)					Maternal Colonization/Neonatal Colonization (n = 24)					Maternal Risk Factors/Neonatal Infection (n = 9)
	n	βa	exp(β)	95% CI	p-Value	n	β	exp(β)	95% CI	p-Value	n	β	exp(β)	95% CI	p-Value	n	β	exp(β)	95% CI	p-Value
NMR
Very low mortality <5 per 1,000 live births	14		ref			9		ref			18		ref			7		ref
Low mortality 5–14	1	0.96	2.61	0.34–20.12	0.33	1	−1.27	0.28	0.01–7.68	0.41	4	0.81	2.24	0.22–22.43	0.47	0		—
High mortality 15–27	0		—			1	−0.50	0.61	0.01–58.87	0.81	1	4.93	139.06	2.08–9,312.79	0.02	0		—
Very high mortality >27	1	−0.06	0.94	0.11–7.75	0.95	3	0.47	1.61	0.10–25.58	0.71	1	−1.61	0.20	0.01–7.79	0.37	2	−0.85	0.43	0.08–0.26	0.26
Gross national income
High income (≥12,276) per capita in USD	14		ref			9		ref			16		ref			7		ref
Upper middle income (3,976–12,275)	1	0.96	2.61	0.34–20.12	0.33	1	−1.26	0.28	0.01–6.41	0.39	7	−1.02	0.36	0.07–1.80	0.20	0		—
Lower middle income (1,006–3,975)	1	−0.06	0.94	0.11–7.75	0.95	4	0.24	1.27	0.12–13.54	0.83	1	4.60	99.78	6.26–39.49	0.03	1	0.99	2.69	0.53–13.67	0.19
Low income (≤1,005)	0		—			0		—			0		—			1	−2.02	0.13	0.06–0.32	0.00
Antibiotics
None	0					4		ref			4		ref			0
Some	13		ref			5	0.26	1.29	0.08–19.72	0.84	7	1.42	4.15	0.27–63.06	0.29	7		ref
Unknown	3	−0.58	0.56	1.41–20.12	0.20	5	−0.56	0.57	0.05–7.10	0.64	13	0.44	1.56	0.13–18.63	0.71	2	−1.19	0.30	0.07–1.42	0.11
Gestational age
All	8		ref			12					24		—			5		ref
Premature	8	−0.72	0.49	0.99–20.12	0.05	2	−0.61	0.54	0.03–10.29	0.66	0					4	0.12	1.13	0.18–6.98	0.88
WHO Region
Americas	6		ref			5		ref			3		ref			3		ref
Africa	0		—			0		—			1	−2.09	0.12	0.00–7.55	0.30	1	−2.19	0.11	0.03–0.37	0.01
Eastern Mediterranean	0		—			1	−0.51	0.60	0.00–96.20	0.83	2	3.29	26.91	0.60–1212.80	0.09	0		—
Europe	6	−0.51	0.60	0.24–1.49	0.25	3	0.43	1.54	0.07–35.60	0.76	14	−0.12	0.89	0.08–9.83	0.92	3	−0.33	0.72	0.24–2.16	0.45
South east Asia	1	−0.32	0.72	0.08–6.49	0.75	3	0.60	1.82	0.07–50.27	0.69	0		—			1	0.81	2.26	0.32–15.96	0.31
Western Pacific	3	−0.49	0.61	0.16–2.36	0.44	2	−0.81	0.45	0.02–10.30	0.58	4	−1.60	0.20	0.01–3.23	0.24	1	−0.39	0.67	0.20–2.26	0.42

^aRegression coefficient from metaregression.