Table 2.
Ranking of past-year DSM-5 SUD criteria by prevalence of endorsement among past-year users of specific substances: U.S. adults 18 years of age and older
| Rank | Opioids | Cannabis | Cocaine | Alcohol | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Criterion | Prev. (SE) | Criterion | Prev. (SE) | Criterion | Prev. (SE) | Criterion | Prev. (SE) | |
| 1 | Tolerance (D) | 14.3 (2.4) | Hazardous use (A) | 24.8 (1.2) | Try stop (D) | 33.0 (3.3) | Larger/longer (D) | 14.9 (0.4) |
| 2 | Try stop (D) | 13.5 (2.3) | Try stop (D) | 15.9 (1.0) | Withdrawal (D) | 30.9 (3.3) | Tolerance (D) | 13.3 (0.3) |
| 3 | Hazardous use (A) | 12.3 (2.5) | Craving (New) | 13.9 (1.1) | Craving (New) | 27.0 (3.1) | Withdrawal (D) | 10.7 (0.3) |
| 4 | Withdrawal (D) | 10.5 (2.1) | Social (A) | 10.7 (0.9) | Social (A) | 24.6 (2.9) | Try stop (D) | 10.2 (0.3) |
| 5 | Craving (New) | 7.8 (1.9) | Neglect role (A) | 10.4 (1.0) | Hazardous use (A) | 22.3 (2.8) | Hazardous use (A) | 8.4 (0.3) |
| 6 | Phys/psych (D) | 6.7 (1.8) | Phys/psych (D) | 8.6 (0.9) | Phys/psych (D) | 20.6 (2.7) | Craving | 7.0 (0.2) |
| 7 | Social (A) | 6.7 (1.7) | Tolerance (D) | 8.4 (0.8) | Larger/longer (D) | 18.1 (2.8) | Social (A) | 3.9 (0.2) |
| 8 | Neglect role (A) | 6.7 (1.8) | Withdrawal (D)a | 7.4 (0.7) | Neglect role (A) | 17.3 (2.7) | Neglect role (D) | 3.7 (0.2) |
| 9 | Larger/longer (D) | 6.1 (1.8) | Larger/longer (D) | 4.0 (0.5) | Tolerance (D) | 14.3 (2.4) | Phys/psych (D) | 3.6 (0.2) |
| 10 | Time spent (D) | 6.0 (1.6) | Time spent (D) | 3.8 (0.5) | Give up (D) | 12.0 (2.2) | Time spent (D) | 2.7 (0.1) |
| 11 | Give up (D) | 3.9 (1.3) | Give up (D) | 3.4 (0.5) | Time spent (D) | 8.3 (1.8) | Give up (D) | 1.3 (0.1) |
Note: (D) connotes DSM-IV dependence criteria whereas (A) connotes DSM-IV abuse criteria. “Try stop” = Persistent desire/attempts to stop/cut down on use; “Phys/psych” = continued use despite recurrent/persistent substance-related physical or psychological problems; “Social” = continued use despite recurrent/persistent substance-related interpersonal problems; “Neglect role” = recurrent substance-related neglect of work/school/home responsibilities; “Larger longer” = Recurrent use in larger quantities or for longer than intended; “Time spent” = excessive time spent in obtaining/using/recovering from substance; “Give up” =Important activities given up in favor of substance use.
Cannabis withdrawal was not recognized in the DSM-IV and did not contribute to the 3+ requisite dependence required for DSM-IV Cannabis Dependence.