Figure 2.

Schematic and empirical examples of reward outcomes represented in different frames of reference during social interactions. Illustrative peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTHs) (top of each panel) show the activity of an individual reward-sensitive neuron aligned to the time of reward. The PSTHs displayed on the bottom of each panel (in the gray box) show the activity of a single neuron recorded from different regions of the primate frontal cortex during a social reward-allocation task [modified with permission from Chang et al. (2013)] that corresponds to the illustrative PSTHs above. The brain region from which each neuron was recorded is highlighted on the right (in yellow). cgs, cingulate sulcus; lorb, lateral orbitofrontal sulcus; morb, medial orbitofrontal sulcus; ps, principal sulcus. (A) Self-referenced representation of actor's received rewards. The majority of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) neurons employ this coding scheme. (B) Self-referenced representation of actor's foregone rewards. The majority of neurons located in the sulcus of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACCs) employ this coding scheme. (C) Other-referenced representation of rewards allocated to another monkey in the room. A group of neurons in the gyrus of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACCg) employs this coding scheme. (D) Common (both-referenced) representation of rewards received by an actor and another monkey. A group of ACCg neurons employs this coding scheme.