Table 2.
Odds Ratio Estimates of Mobility Limitation Recovery by Perceived Neighborhood Safety, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Health Risk Factorsa,b (Initial Risk Group: N= 2,709c)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% C.I. | OR | 95% C.I. | OR | 95% C.I. | |
| Perceived Neighborhood Safety | 1.22*** | (1.17, 1.27) | 1.12*** | (1.07, 1.18) | 1.11*** | (1.05, 1.17) |
| Sociodemographic Characteristics: | ||||||
| Gender (Female=1) | 0.77*** | (0.69, 0.85) | 0.71*** | (0.63, 0.80) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity: | ||||||
| White (ref.) | ||||||
| Black/African American | 1.25* | (1.08, 1.46) | 1.27** | (1.08, 1.48) | ||
| Latino/Hispanic | 1.51*** | (1.25, 1.84) | 1.28* | (1.06, 1.56) | ||
| Other Race | 1.18 | (0.81, 1.71) | 0.96 | (0.65, 1.41) | ||
| Age | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.02) | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.03) | ||
| Socioeconomic Status: | ||||||
| Education: | ||||||
| Less than High School | 0.91 | (0.80, 1.04) | 1.07 | (0.93, 1.23) | ||
| High School Degree/GED (ref.) | ||||||
| More than High School | 1.14 | (0.99, 1.31) | 1.12 | (0.97, 1.29) | ||
| Income: | ||||||
| Bottom Quartile | 0.63*** | (0.53, 0.75) | 0.86 | (0.71, 1.04) | ||
| Bottom-Middle Quartile | 0.81** | (0.70, 0.94) | 0.92 | (0.79, 1.07) | ||
| Upper-Middle Quartile | 0.87* | (0.76, 0.99) | 0.90 | (0.78, 1.04) | ||
| Upper Quartile (ref.) | ||||||
| Wealth: | ||||||
| Bottom Quartile | 0.60*** | (0.51, 0.72) | 0.89 | (0.74, 1.06) | ||
| Bottom-Middle Quartile | 0.72*** | (0.61, 0.83) | 0.91 | (0.77, 1.06) | ||
| Upper-Middle Quartile | 0.85* | (0.74, 0.98) | 0.94 | (0.81, 1.09) | ||
| Upper Quartile (ref.) | ||||||
| Marital Status: | ||||||
| Married/Partnered (ref.) | ||||||
| Separated/Divorced | 0.97 | (0.83, 1.14) | 1.00 | (0.85, 1.18) | ||
| Widowed | 1.04 | (0.89, 1.21) | 1.03 | (0.85, 1.20) | ||
| Never Married | 1.05 | (0.80, 1.40) | 1.00 | (0.88, 1.32) | ||
| Health Risk Factors: | ||||||
| Health Behaviors: | ||||||
| Physical Activity (yes=1) | 1.30*** | (1.18, 1.44) | ||||
| Smoking Status: | ||||||
| Never Smoked (ref.) | ||||||
| Former Smoker | 0.92 | (0.82, 1.03) | ||||
| Current Smoker | 0.75*** | (0.64, 0.87) | ||||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | ||||||
| Underweight | 0.89 | (0.65, 1.23) | ||||
| Healthy Weight (ref.) | ||||||
| Overweight | 0.94 | (0.83, 1.06) | ||||
| Obese | 0.69*** | (0.60, 0.79) | ||||
| Healthcare Access: | ||||||
| Private Insurance (yes=1) | 1.07 | (0.96, 1.19) | ||||
| Morbidity Status: | ||||||
| Number of Chronic Conditions | 0.76*** | (0.72, 0.79) | ||||
| Cognition Impairment (Serial 7s Score) | 0.97* | (0.94, 1.00) | ||||
| Depressive Symptoms (CES-D 8 Score) | 0.97* | (0.94, 0.99) | ||||
| Number of Mobility Limitations | 0.47*** | (0.44, 0.50) | ||||
| Observational Intervals: | ||||||
| Interval 1 (ref.) | ||||||
| Interval 2 | 0.96 | (0.71, 1.17) | 0.96 | (0.84, 1.10) | 1.03 | (0.89, 1.19) |
| Interval 3 | 0.85* | (0.75, 0.96) | 0.84* | (0.74, 0.96) | 0.91 | (0.79, 1.06) |
| Interval 4 | 0.79*** | (0.70, 0.90) | 0.78*** | (0.68, 0.89) | 0.90 | (0.78, 1.05) |
| Interval 5 | 0.69*** | (0.60, 0.78) | 0.66*** | (0.58, 0.76) | 0.85* | (0.73, 0.99) |
| Interval 6 | 0.70*** | (0.62, 0.80) | 0.69*** | (0.60, 0.79) | 0.96 | (0.81, 1.21) |
| Intercept | −1.90*** | −1.40** | 0.33 | |||
| Likelihood Ratio | 225.65*** | 766.50*** | 2823.02*** | |||
| Degrees of Freedom | 6 | 22 | 33 | |||
Source: Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (1996–2008)
Notes:
a
Risk group = respondents with mobility limitation;
b
Compared to respondents with persistent mobility limitation;
c
N= 15,486 Person-Intervals;
*
0.05 ≤p < 0.01;
**
0.01 ≤p < 0.001;
***
p ≤0.001.