Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of CARDIA Participants by Presence or Absence of ER at Year 0.
| Status of ER | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Year 0 | Definite (n = 941) | Probable (n = 314) | Possible (n = 265) | None (n = 3,549) |
| Age, yrs | 24.3 ± 3.6 | 25.1 ± 3.5 | 23.9 ± 3.8 | 25.0 ± 3.6 |
|
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| Black race | 65.8 | 29 | 72.8 | 48.2 |
|
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| Male | 89.6 | 96.2 | 94.8 | 25.6 |
|
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| Smoker | 36.8 | 31.9 | 34.0 | 28.4 |
|
| ||||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 114.0 ± 10.4 | 113.4 ± 10.2 | 115.3 ± 10.7 | 108.8 ± 10.8 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 69.5 ± 10.1 | 69.8 ± 8.9 | 71.2 ± 10.18 | 68.1 ± 9.4 |
|
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| Treatment for hypertension | 1.6 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 2.5 |
|
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| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.7 ± 3.5 | 23.6 ± 2.9 | 24.1 ± 4.4 | 24.8 ± 5.5 |
|
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| Waist:hip ratio | 0.81 ± 0.05 | 0.82 ± 0.05 | 0.82 ± 0.05 | 0.76 ± 0.07 |
|
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| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 52.9 ± 12.9 | 50.2 ± 12.7 | 52.3 ± 14.2 | 53.5 ± 13.2 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 106.1 ± 30.5 | 108.5 ± 32.2 | 107.0 ± 31.6 | 109.9 ± 31.3 |
|
| ||||
| Glucose, mg/dl | 84.0 ± 18 | 84.6 ± 8.0 | 84.9 ± 21.6 | 81.9 ± 16.0 |
|
| ||||
| Insulin, μm/ml | 9.5 ± 6.5 | 9.0 ± 5.6 | 10.4 ± 7.5 | 11.4 ± 8.5 |
|
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| Diabetic* | 1.1 | 0 | 1.5 | 1.3 |
|
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| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.88 ± 0.13 | 0.87 ± 0.11 | 0.92 ± 0.64 | 0.77 ± 0.21 |
|
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| Exercise duration, s | 680.7 ± 169.3 | 719.4 ± 140.4 | 665.2 ± 173.9 | 530.9 ± 174.3 |
|
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| Heart rate, beats/min | 57.2 ± 8.8 | 59.2 ± 9.9 | 60.0 ± 10.6 | 64.9 ± 10.6 |
|
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| PR duration, ms | 152.9 ± 24.1 | 150.0 ± 21.8 | 152.7 ± 20.8 | 146.5 ± 22.2 |
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| QRS duration, ms | 86.8 ± 9.1 | 84.3 ± 7.8 | 83.2 ± 7.6 | 80.8 ± 7.3 |
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| QT index† | 94.1 ± 4.4 | 95.2 ± 4.0 | 94.0 ± 4.5 | 96.4 ± 4.6 |
|
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| Cornell voltage, mV | 12.3 ± 6.9 | 14.7 ± 5.2 | 14.5 ± 6.6 | 8.7 ± 5.1 |
| Cornell voltage—LVH‡ | 1 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.8 |
|
| ||||
| LVMI (ECG) | 33.0 ± 5.2 | 34.4 ± 4.2 | 34.4 ± 5.7 | 32.0 ± 5.5 |
|
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| Frequent ventricular premature beats | 0.38 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.37 |
|
| ||||
| Year 5 ECG LV mass, g | 167.5 ± 42.5 | 171.1 ± 39.6 | 173.1 ± 45.7 | 141.3 ± 43.1 |
|
| ||||
| Year 5 LVDD (echocardiography), cm | 5.1 ± 0.46 | 5.2 ± 0.45 | 5.15 ± 0.50 | 4.88 ± 0.48 |
Values are % or mean ± SD unless indicated otherwise.
*
Defined as self-reported “yes” or fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl.
†
qtdur1 × (h + 100)/656.
‡
Cornell voltage >2,200 μV for women and >2,800 μV for men.
BP = blood pressure; CARDIA = Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; ECG = electrocardiogram/electrocardiographic; ER = early repolarization; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; LV = left ventricular; LVH = LV hypertrophy; LVMI = LV mass index (see below for definition); LVDD = LV diastolic diameter.