Table 1.
Characteristics of pregnant women by exposure to antidepressants in US Medicaid Analytic eXtract. Figures are numbers (percentage) unless stated otherwise
| Covariates | Unexposed (n=69 044) | SRI monotherapy (n=29 222) | Non-SRI monotherapy (n=4456) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current (n=12 710) | Recent (n=6096) | Past (n=10 416) | Current (n=1495) | Recent (n=829) | Past (n=2132) | |||
| Birth year: | ||||||||
| 2000-02 | 16 310 (23.6) | 2780 (21.9) | 1324 (21.7) | 2180 (20.9) | 242 (16.2) | 141 (17.0) | 399 (18.7) | |
| 2003-04 | 18 850 (27.3) | 4382 (34.5) | 1966 (32.3) | 3367 (32.3) | 403 (27.0) | 235 (28.4) | 588 (27.6) | |
| 2005-07 | 33 884 (49.1) | 5548 (43.7) | 2806 (46.0) | 4869 (46.8) | 850 (56.9) | 453 (54.6) | 1145 (53.7) | |
| Region: | ||||||||
| Northeast | 10 884 (15.8) | 1931 (15.2) | 844 (13.9) | 1340 (12.9) | 198 (13.2) | 108 (13.0) | 257 (12.1) | |
| South | 20 712 (30.0) | 3237 (25.5) | 1793 (29.4) | 3287 (31.6) | 438 (29.3) | 254 (30.6) | 737 (34.6) | |
| Midwest | 24 729 (35.8) | 5448 (42.9) | 2533 (41.6 | 4345 (41.7) | 612 (40.9) | 343 (41.4) | 822 (38.6) | |
| West | 12 719 (18.4) | 2094 (16.5) | 926 (15.2) | 1444 (13.9) | 247 (16.5) | 124 (15.0) | 316 (14.8) | |
| Median (IQR) age (years) | 23 (20-27) | 25 (22-30) | 24 (21-29) | 24 (21-28) | 26 (22-31) | 25 (21-29) | 24 (21-28) | |
| Race: | ||||||||
| White | 40 543 (58.7) | 10 103 (79.5) | 4471 (73.3) | 7149 (68.6) | 1198 (80.1) | 601 (72.5) | 1546 (72.5) | |
| Black | 15 522 (22.5) | 1027 (8.1) | 801 (13.1) | 1787 (17.2) | 136 (9.1) | 111 (13.4) | 335 (15.7) | |
| Hispanic | 8312 (12.0) | 776 (6.1) | 467 (7.7) | 813 (7.8) | 65 (4.4) | 61 (7.4) | 130 (6.1) | |
| Other or unknown | 4667 (6.8) | 804 (6.3) | 357 (5.9) | 667 (6.4) | 96 (6.4) | 56 (6.8) | 121 (5.7) | |
| Multiple pregnancy | 1275 (1.9) | 218 (1.7) | 113 (1.9) | 213 (2.0) | 36 (2.4) | 19 (2.3) | 39 (1.8) | |
| Diabetes diagnosis or dispensing of antidiabetic | 5557 (8.1) | 1392 (11.0) | 678 (11.1) | 930 (8.9) | 152 (10.2) | 76 (9.2) | 219 (10.3) | |
| Hypertension diagnosis or dispensing of antihypertensive | 2694 (3.9) | 800 (6.3) | 373 (6.1) | 588 (5.7) | 89 (6.0) | 47 (5.7) | 116 (5.4) | |
| Coagulopathy* | 440 (0.6) | 99 (0.8) | 47 (0.8) | 95 (0.9) | — | — | 17 (0.8) | |
| Any inpatient mood/anxiety disorder diagnosis | 3321 (4.8) | 1077 (8.5) | 631 (10.4) | 960 (9.2) | 115 (7.7) | 75 (9.1) | 175 (8.2) | |
| Median (IQR) No of mood/anxiety diagnoses | 2 (1-4) | 2 (1-4) | 2 (1-4) | 2 (1-4) | 2 (1-5) | 2 (1-5) | 2 (1-4) | |
| Other indications for antidepressant use: | ||||||||
| Psychotic disorder | 808 (1.2) | 176 (1.4) | 98 (1.6) | 187 (1.8) | 28 (1.9) | 11 (1.3) | 39 (1.8) | |
| Other mental health disorder | 2659 (3.9) | 553 (4.4) | 294 (4.8) | 510 (4.9) | 70 (4.7) | 37 (4.5) | 92 (4.3) | |
| Pain related condition | 2109 (3.1) | 705 (5.6) | 332 (5.5) | 624 (6.0) | 75 (5.0) | 38 (4.6) | 111 (5.2) | |
| Sleep disorder | 390 (0.6) | 151 (1.2) | 72 (1.2) | 124 (1.2) | 17 (1.1) | 16 (1.9) | 47 (2.2) | |
| Other drug use at baseline: | ||||||||
| Anticonvulsants | 1008 (1.5) | 463 (3.6) | 191 (3.1) | 288 (2.8) | 68 (4.6) | 34 (4.1) | 57 (2.7) | |
| Benzodiazepines | 2330 (3.4) | 1351 (10.6) | 606 (9.9) | 950 (9.1) | 166 (11.1) | 77 (9.3) | 219 (10.3) | |
| Aspirin* | 141 (0.2) | 32 (0.3) | 20 (0.3) | 43 (0.4) | — | — | 13 (0.6) | |
| Heparin* | 175 (0.3) | 39 (0.3) | 26 (0.4) | 40 (0.4) | — | — | — | |
| Low molecular weight heparin* | 267 (0.4) | 69 (0.5) | 26 (0.4) | 54 (0.5) | — | — | — | |
| Warfarin* | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Median (IQR) No of baseline outpatient visits | 14 (11-19) | 14 (11-20) | 14 (11-19) | 14 (11-19) | 15 (11-20) | 15 (11-20) | 15 (11-20) | |
| Any admissions to hospital during baseline | 7426 (10.8) | 1743 (13.7) | 965 (15.8) | 1633 (15.7) | 191 (12.8) | 114 (13.8) | 308 (14.5) | |
| Delivery characteristics: | ||||||||
| In hospital | 62 351 (90.3) | 11 594 (91.2) | 5622 (92.2) | 9452 (90.8) | 1370 (91.6) | 748 (90.2) | 1952 (91.6) | |
| Delivery within 1 day of admission† | 59 400 (95.8) | 1107 (95.8) | 5292 (6.0) | 8940 (94.6) | 1304 (95.2) | 705 (94.3) | 1858 (95.2) | |
| Short labor | 1724 (2.5) | 423 (3.3) | 180 (3.0) | 305 (2.9) | 54 (3.6) | 15 (1.8) | 52 (2.4) | |
| Long labor | 1620 (2.4) | 303 (2.4) | 146 (2.4) | 233 (2.2) | 30 (2.0) | 18 (2.2) | 51 (2.4) | |
| Labor induction | 8422 (12.2) | 1530 (12.0)) | 774 (12.7) | 1332 (12.8) | 210 (14.1) | 98 (11.8) | 301 (14.1) | |
| Forceps or vacuum delivery | 3913 (5.7) | 729 (5.7) | 332 (5.5) | 556 (5.3) | 70 (4.7) | 37 (4.5) | 103 (4.8) | |
IQR=interquartile range; SRI=serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
*Cell sizes too small for display per Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services cell size suppression policy.
†Excludes women who delivered outside hospital.