Table 2.
Cumulative Rate of Nursing Home Closures and Beds Closed, 1999–2008, by Zip Code Level Concentration of Minority Populations and Poverty
| Zip Code Percentage Quartilesa | Facilities Closed
|
Net Loss of Beds, No. (%)b | Total Facilities, No. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | Relative Risk (95% CI) | |||
| Freestanding | ||||
| Blacks | ||||
| 1 | 283 (9.9) | 1 [Reference] | −9458 (−4.1) | 2845 |
| 2 | 337 (8.4) | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) | −5255 (−1.2) | 4027 |
| 3 | 539 (11.6) | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) | −17 026 (−3.2) | 4650 |
| 4 | 613 (13.7) | 1.38 (1.21–1.58) | −36 962 (−6.9) | 4460 |
| Hispanics | ||||
| 1 | 314 (9.4) | 1 [Reference] | −11 684 (−3.7) | 3346 |
| 2 | 385 (9.8) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | −13 876 (−3.4) | 3913 |
| 3 | 494 (11.9) | 1.27 (1.11–1.45) | −20 769 (−4.4) | 4137 |
| 4 | 560 (12.8) | 1.37 (1.20–1.56) | −21 634 (−4.3) | 4367 |
| Poverty rate | ||||
| 1 | 300 (7.8) | 1 [Reference] | 4747 (1.1) | 3866 |
| 2 | 386 (9.7) | 1.26 (1.09–1.45) | −10 682 (−2.6) | 3961 |
| 3 | 457 (11.1) | 1.43 (1.24–1.64) | −17 025 (−4.0) | 4117 |
| 4 | 627 (15.6) | 2.01 (1.76–2.29) | −45 683 (−10.3) | 4025 |
|
| ||||
| Hospital-Based | ||||
| Blacks | ||||
| 1 | 109 (26.0) | 1 [Reference] | −2600 (−14.7) | 419 |
| 2 | 224 (43.9) | 1.69 (1.40–2.04) | −5176 (−21.3) | 510 |
| 3 | 387 (60.7) | 2.33 (1.96–2.77) | −10 350 (−41.6) | 638 |
| 4 | 390 (57.8) | 2.22 (1.87–2.64) | −9438 (−28.6) | 675 |
| Hispanics | ||||
| 1 | 168 (35.4) | 1 [Reference] | −3438 (−16.8) | 474 |
| 2 | 245 (46.9) | 1.32 (1.14–1.54) | −5776 (−25.5) | 522 |
| 3 | 279 (50.8) | 1.43 (1.24–1.66) | −7395 (−28.7) | 549 |
| 4 | 412 (60.8) | 1.71 (1.50–1.96) | −10 797 (−35.8) | 678 |
| Poverty rate | ||||
| 1 | 165 (51.2) | 1 [Reference] | −5139 (−28.5) | 322 |
| 2 | 248 (45.2) | 0.88 (0.77–1.01) | −5256 (−24.3) | 549 |
| 3 | 305 (46.3) | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) | −7389 (−25.2) | 659 |
| 4 | 391 (55.1) | 1.07 (0.95–1.22) | −9762 (−31.6) | 710 |
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
a
As quartile number increases, percentage of minority population or poverty rate increases.
b
Net number of lost beds is estimated by newly added beds minus closed beds cumulatively over the 10-year period 1999 through 2008. The denominator for the percentage of net lost beds includes all ever-existing beds over the period within each stratum.