Table 2. Reproductive characteristics of theropods as documented in the fossil record and estimated by the reptile (crocodiles, tortoises) and the bird model.

	Fossil			Reptile model				Bird model
Taxon	BM (kg)	EM (kg)	CS	CST	CSC	AEN	CY	CSB	AEN	CY
Troodon formosus	34	0.329	23 [22, 24]	2.4	6.8	6.8	0.3 [0.3, 0.3]	15.9	17.0	0.7 [0.7, 0.8]
Troodon formosus	44	0.329	23 [22, 24]	2.9	8.2	8.2	0.4 [0.3, 0.4]	19.2	20.4	0.9 [0.9, 0.9]
Troodon formosus	51	0.329	23 [22, 24]	3.2	9.1	9.1	0.4 [0.4, 0.4]	21.3	22.8	1.0 [0.9, 1.0]
Oviraptor philoceratops	33	0.262	24 [20, 30]	2.9	8.4	8.4	0.3 [0.3, 0.4]	19.6	20.8	0.9 [0.7, 1.0]
Oviraptor philoceratops	37	0.262	24 [20, 30]	3.2	9.1	9.1	0.4 [0.3, 0.5]	21.3	22.6	0.9 [0.8, 1.1]
Oviraptor philoceratops	40	0.262	24 [20, 30]	3.4	9.6	9.6	0.4 [0.3, 0.5]	22.5	24.0	1.0 [0.8, 1.2]
Citipati osmolskae	79	0.473	22 [15, 30]	3.0	8.7	8.7	0.4 [0.3, 0.6]	20.3	21.7	1.0 [0.7, 1.4]
Lourinhanosaurus atunesis	176	0.602	63 [25, 100]	4.2	12.1	12.2	0.2 [0.1, 0.5]	28.3	30.5	0.5 [0.3, 1.2]

BM: minimum, mean and maximum fossil body mass of a taxon taken from literature in kilograms; CS: mean clutch size observed in fossil record, with minimum and maximum fossil values given in square brackets or CS calculated from an allometric clutch mass (CM) model (CS^T = tortoise model, CS^C = crocodile model, CS^B = bird model) using the fossil egg mass (EM, for calculating of fossil egg mass see Material and Method), CS = CM divided by EM. AEN (annual egg number): total number of eggs laid per year, calculated from an allometric ACM (annual clutch mass) model using the fossil egg mass, AEN = ACM divided by EM. CY: number of clutches per year, calculated from an allometric ACM model using the fossil CS and estimated AEN, CY = AEN divided by CS. Minima and maxima are given in brackets. References for fossil data are given in Table S3 (supplementary). Equations for the reptile and the bird model are given in Table S6. Note: For Citipati osmolskae and Lourinhanosaurus antunesi only one BM estimate was available.