TABLE 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of factors associated with lifetime and current substance use
| Lifetime versus never use Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Lifetime versus never use Adjusted** OR (95% CI) |
Current versus never/not current Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Current versus never/not current Adjusted*** OR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (per year increase) | 1.55(1.26–1.91) | 1.47(1.15–1.87) | 1.29(1.11–1.51) | 1.28(1.06–1.54) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Female | 0.59(0.25–1.38) | 0.33(0.10–1.13) | 0.46(0.21–1.02) | 0.39(0.14–1.06) |
| Education level | ||||
| <Primary (nursery) | 0.52 (0.08–3.24) | − | 0.41 (0.07–2.55) | − |
| Primary | 1.0 | − | 1.0 | − |
| No formal education | 1.39(0.15–12.8) | − | 2.48 (0.27–22.76) | − |
| Classification of street-involved child/youth | ||||
| Child of the street | 3.71 (1.71–8.03) | − | 3.06(1.49–6.26) | − |
| Child on the street | 1.0 | − | 1.0 | − |
| Any family contact | ||||
| Yes | 0.33(0.13–0.81) | − | 0.55(0.27–1.13) | − |
| No | 1.0 | − | 1.0 | − |
| Frequency of family contact | ||||
| Daily | 0.36(0.12–1.06) | − | 0.43(0.16–1.10) | − |
| Weekly or less | 1.0 | − | 1.0 | − |
| Family member alcohol, tobacco, and drug use | ||||
| Yes | 2.16(0.93–5.03) | 3.43(1.15–10.21) | 2.37(1.06–5.30) | 2.73(1.10–6.80) |
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Stay at night | ||||
| With family | 1.00 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| A shelter | 5.67(2.21–14.55) | 3.64(1.13–11.73) | 3.18(1.43–7.07) | 1.99(0.78–5.07) |
| On the streets or in the barracks | 2.71 (1.05–6.97) | 1.47(0.45–4.77) | 2.82(1.15–6.92) | 2.11 (0.76–5.89) |
| How often coming to streets | ||||
| Daily | 2.74(1.03–7.25) | − | 3.59(1.33–9.65) | − |
| Weekly or less | 1.00 | − | 1.0 | − |
| How long street involved? | ||||
| <1 year | 1.00 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 1–2 years | 2.65 (0.93–7.54) | 1.90(0.53–6.83) | 4.05(1.48–11.08) | 3.48(1.15–10.50) |
| >2 years | 5.84(2.28–15.01) | 3.69(1.22–11.18) | 4.34(1.99–9.50) | 3.33 (1.42–7.83) |
| Access services for street children | ||||
| Yes | 2.99(1.27–7.03) | 2.08 (0.68–6.36) | 1.99(0.87–4.52) | − |
| No | 1.00 | 1.0 | 1.0 | − |
| Ever taught dangers of using drugs | ||||
| Yes | 0.99 (0.44–2.23) | − | 1.02(0.49–2.12) | − |
| No | 1.0 | − | 1.0 | − |
| I am aware of the harms of using drugs | ||||
| Strongly agree/agree | 1.99(0.93–4.26) | − | 1.27(0.62–2.57) | − |
| Strongly disagree/disagree | 1.0 | − | 1.0 | − |
| No one cares if I use drugs | ||||
| Strongly agree/agree | 1.76(0.81–3.86) | − | 1.24(0.62–2.46) | − |
| Strongly disagree/disagree | 1.0 | − | 1.0 | − |
| I consider myself knowledgeable about drug use | ||||
| Strongly agree/agree | 1.13(0.53–2.43) | − | 1.42(0.71–2.85) | − |
| Strongly disagree/disagree | 1.0 | − | 1.0 | − |
| Glue impairs a person’s judgment | ||||
| Yes | 0.15(0.02–1.13)* | 0.11 (0.01–1.02) | 0.42(0.13–1.34) | − |
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | − |
| Using glue can kill someone | ||||
| Yes | 2.03 (0.88–4.70) | − | 2.57(1.16–5.72) | − |
| No | 1.0 | − | 1.0 | − |
| Glue is addictive | ||||
| Yes | 2.27 (0.88–5.84) | − | 1.41 (0.57–3.53) | − |
| No | 1.0 | − | 1.0 | − |
| Money earned per day | ||||
| <100 KES | 0.86(0.37–1.95) | − | 0.98(0.48–1.99) | − |
| >100 KES | 1.0 | − | 1.0 | − |
| I like how drugs make me feel | ||||
| Strongly agree/agree | − | − | 0.75 (0.22–2.55) | − |
| Strongly disagree/disagree | − | − | 1.0 | − |
| Drugs make me feel powerful | ||||
| Strongly agree/agree | − | − | 1.41 (0.36–5.48) | − |
| Strongly disagree/disagree | − | − | 1.0 | − |
| Using drugs make people “cool” | ||||
| Strongly agree/agree | − | − | 1.49(0.37–6.02) | − |
| Strongly disagree/disagree | − | − | 1.0 | − |
| Ever engaged in sexual activity on drugs | ||||
| Yes | − | − | 2.94 (0.62–13.89) | − |
| No | − | − | 1.0 | − |
| Ever engaged in unprotected sex on drugs | ||||
| Yes | − | − | 1.30(0.27–6.37) | − |
| No | − | − | 1.0 | − |
*
Fisher’s exact test p = .0426.
**
Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit p = .93.
***
Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit p = .87.