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. 2012 Jun 5;22(7):1108–1128. doi: 10.1038/cr.2012.87

Table 1. The expression changes of chemokines and their receptors during MS or EAE pathogenesis.

Chemokine or receptor MS patients vs healthy controls
 EAE vs naive animals
Location Expression change Ref. no. Location Expression change Ref. no.
CCR1 In early, actively demyelinating plaques Elevated 205,206,207 Spinal cord Elevated 208
CCR2 In chronic active MS lesions Elevated 209,210,211 Spinal cord Elevated 208,212,213
CCR3 In chronic active MS lesions Elevated 209      
  CD4+ and CD8+ cells in CSF at relapse; CNS Reduced 214      
CCR4 CD4+ and CD8+ cells in CSF at relapse Reduced 214      
  Invading leukocytes Elevated 215      
CCR5 MS lesions Elevated 207,209,216 Spinal cord Elevated 208,212
  CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, and CD14+ cells in peripheral blood/macrophages microglia Elevated 206,217,218      
CCR7 MS lessions Elevated 219 CNS Elevated 220
CCR8 Phagocytic macrophages and activated microglia Elevated 221 CNS Elevated 220
CX3CR1 Peripheral mononuclear cells Reduced 222 Spinal cord Elevated 205,212,223
CXCR1 CNS Elevated 224,225      
CXCR2 MS lesions Elevated 224,226 Spinal cord Elevated 227
CXCR3 CSF T cells Elevated 228      
  CD14+ cells in peripheral blood Elevated 211,217      
  CNS Elevated 224      
  Active MS lesions Elevated 216,229      
CXCR4 CD14+ cells in peripheral blood Elevated 217 Spinal cord Elevated 227
CCL1       Spinal cord Elevated 230
CCL2 CSF/serum Elevated 231 Spinal cord Elevated 230,232
  CSF Reduced 233,234      
CCL3 CSF Elevated 216,231 Spinal cord Elevated 213,230,232,235,236
CCL4       Spinal cord Elevated 230,232
CCL5 CSF Elevated 216,217,231,237 Spinal cord Elevated 230,232,235
CCL7       Spinal cord Elevated 232
CCL17 CSF Elevated 238    
CCL19 Brain tissue/CSF Elevated 239 Venules surrounded by inflammatory Elevated 240,241
CCL21 Brain tissue/CSF Unchanged 239 CNS Unchanged 240,241
CCL22 CNS Elevated 215      
CX3CL1 CSF/serum Elevated 242      
CXCL1 MS lesions Elevated 224,225,226 Spinal cord Elevated 232,235
CXCL9 CSF Elevated 216 CNS Elevated 243
CXCL10 CSF Elevated 216,217,229,231,234 Spinal cord/ cerebellum Elevated 232,243
CXCL11 Serum Elevated 244      
CXCL12 Astrocytes in lesion areas/BBB Elevated 245,246,247      
CXCL13 CSF Elevated 247