Table 3.
Summary of indications for surgical management
| Indicator | Carchman et al[6] | Bignardi et al[9] | Osman et al[14] | Butala et al[15] |
| Elevated WBC (count ×109) | > 35 | > 16 | > 16 | |
| Serum lactate (mmol/L) | > 2.2 consult | > 2.2 | 2.2-4.9 | |
| > 5 operate | ||||
| Peritoneal signs on physical examination including generalized abdominal pain | Present | Present | Present | |
| Abdominal distension | Present | Present | Present | |
| End organ (renal, respiratory) failure/dysfunction | Present | Present | Present | |
| Hypotension (mmHg) | Present | < 90 systolic | < 90 systolic | |
| Tachycardia (bpm) | > 100 | > 100 | ||
| Vasopressor requirement | Yes | Yes | ||
| Radiological findings of pancolitis, ascites, megacolon, or perforation | Present | Present | ||
| Age (yr) | > 80 | > 70 | > 65 |
WBC: White blood cell.