Table 4.
Univariate and stepwise analysis for overall survival n (%)
| Univariate hazard ratio (95%CI) | Stepwise hazard ratio (95%CI) | ||
| Age1 (yr) | |||
| 18-49 | 107 (13.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 50-64 | 230 (27.9) | 1.43 (1.11-1.85) | 1.64 (1.27-2.13) |
| 65-79 | 327 (39.6) | 1.40 (1.10-1.78) | 1.47 (1.15-1.89) |
| ≥ 80 | 161 (19.5) | 2.19 (1.68-2.86) | 1.85 (1.40-2.46) |
| Sex1 | |||
| Men | 390 (47.3) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Women | 435 (52.7) | 1.02 (0.88-1.18) | |
| Race | |||
| Non-hispanic white | 373 (45.2) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Ethnicity1 | |||
| Black | 64 (7.8) | 1.50 (1.14-1.97) | |
| Hispanic white | 215 (26.1) | 1.04 (0.87-1.24) | |
| Other | 170 (20.6) | 1.00 (0.82-1.21) | |
| Socioeconomic status1 | |||
| Highest | 184 (22.3) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Middle | 497 (60.2) | 1.25 (1.04-1.49) | 1.18 (0.98-1.41) |
| Lowest | 144 (17.5) | 1.61 (1.28-2.03) | 1.52 (1.20-1.92) |
| Grade | |||
| Well differentiated | 52 (6.3) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Moderately differentiated | 99 (12.0) | 1.05 (0.72-1.53) | |
| Poorly differentiated | 135 (16.4) | 1.61 (1.13-2.29) | |
| Undifferentiated | 8 (1.0) | 2.96 (1.38-6.32) | |
| Unknown | 531 (64.4) | 1.71 (1.24-2.35) | |
| Tumor size (cm) | |||
| ≤ 5 | 95 (11.5) | 1.00 (reference ) | |
| > 5 | 94 (11.4) | 1.03 (0.76-1.39) | |
| T Stage | |||
| T1 | 150 (18.2) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| T2 | 28 (3.4) | 0.91 (0.57-1.47) | |
| T3a | 64 (7.8) | 1.10 (0.80-1.51) | |
| T3b | 13 (1.6) | 1.37 (0.72-2.63) | |
| T4 | 198 (24) | 2.23 (1.76-2.83) | |
| TX | 372 (45.1) | 1.85 (1.50-2.29) | |
| N stage | |||
| N0 | 278 (33.7) | 1.00 (reference ) | |
| N1 | 77 (9.3) | 1.62 (1.24-2.12) | |
| NX | 470 (57) | 1.76 (1.50-2.07) | |
| AJCC7 group1 | |||
| I | 93 (11.3) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| II | 15 (1.8) | 0.80 (0.41-1.56) | 1.07 (0.54-2.09) |
| III | 79 (9.6) | 1.37 (0.98-1.91) | 1.31 (0.93-1.84) |
| IV | 204 (24.7) | 2.81 (2.11-3.72) | 2.56 (1.90-3.44) |
| Unknown | 434 (52.6) | 2.23 (1.72-2.89) | 1.52 (1.16-2.00) |
| Treatment groups | |||
| Chemo alone | 153 (18.5) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Chemoradiation | 61 (7.4) | 0.98 (0.72-1.34) | |
| Surgery | 114 (13.8) | 0.44 (0.34-0.59) | |
| None | 497 (60.2) | 1.50 (1.24-1.81) | |
| Surgery groups | |||
| Surgery Alone | 69 (8.4) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Adjuvant chemo | 20 (2.4) | 1.44 (0.82-2.55) | |
| Adjuvant chemoradiation | 21 (2.5) | 1.02 (0.56-1.85) | |
| Adjuvant radiation | 4 (0.5) | 1.53 (0.55-4.26) | |
| No surgery | 711 (86.2) | 3.19 (2.35-4.33) | |
| Surgery1 | |||
| No | 711 (86.2) | 1.00 (reference ) | 1.00 (reference ) |
| Yes | 114 (13.7) | 0.34 (0.27-0.43) | 0.42 (0.32-0.54) |
| Chemo1 | |||
| No | 570 (69.1) | 1.00 (reference ) | 1.00 (reference ) |
| Yes | 255 (30.9) | 0.73 (0.62-0.85) | 0.70 (0.59-0.83) |
| Radiation1 | |||
| No | 707 (85.7) | 1.00 (reference ) | |
| Yes | 118 (14.3) | 0.74 (0.60-0.90) |
1
Included in step-wise model. On univariate analysis, older age, black race, lower socioeconomic status, undifferentiated tumors, and T4 tumors were significantly associated with poorer survival. Upon stepwise analysis, older age (> 80 year), advanced disease stage, poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumors, and lymph node involvement were independent predictors of poorer survival in all treatment groups. There was a significant improvement in survival associated with surgical resection and receipt of chemotherapy. chemo: Chemotherapy; AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer.