Table 1.

A summary of the inflammation-related genes located on chromosome 21

Gene	Protein	Function	Reference
βAPP	Amyloid beta precursor protein >5 fold overexpression in DS	Neuronal acute phase protein precursor of fragments Aβ in Alzheimer plaques and sAPP for induction of IL-1β	[16,20,63]
BACE2	β-site APP-cleaving enzymes-2	Cleaves APP for less Aβ and increases IL-1R2, a decoy protein for excess IL-1 capture	[79]
S100B	S100 calcium binding protein astrocyte-derived cytokine	Upregulates IL-1β and βAPP expression, released in response to TNFα	[22,27,82]
CXADR	Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor	Activation of JNK and p38-MAPK pathways leading to production of M1 cytokines.	[101]
ADAMTS1	ADAM metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 1	Secreted protease known to be induced by IL-1β	[102]
ADAMTS5	ADAM metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 5	Secreted protease known to be induced by IL-1β and TGFβ.	[103]
TIAM1	T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1	Necessary for cytokine- mediated generation of oxidative species through NADPH oxidase.	[104]
SOD1	Superoxide dismutase 1	Scavenges superoxide radicals producing H2O2 and O2.	[105]
IFNAR2	Interferon α, β, and ω receptor 2	Activates JAK/STAT mediated anti-inflammatory pathway	[106,107]
IFNAR1	Interferon α, β, and ω receptor 1	Activates JAK/STAT mediated anti-inflammatory pathway	[106]
IFNGR2	Interferon γ receptor 2	Activates JAK/STAT mediated anti-inflammatory pathway	[107]
RIPK4	Receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 4	Necessary for signaling through TNFR1	[108]
CBS	Cystathione-β-synthase	Catalyzes production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) bimodal regulation of inflammation	[109]
PRMT2	Protein arginine methyltransferase 2	Blocks the actions of NFκB in the nucleus	[110]

Aβ β-amyloid, APP precursor protein for β-amyloid, IL interleukin, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, TNF tumor necrosis factor, TGF transforming growth factor, JAK/STAT Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription, TNFR tumor necrosis factor receptor, NFκB Nuclear factor-kappa B.