Table 1.
Group comparisons of metabolic parameters at different time points
| Control | Rosiglitazone | Diet | Insulin | Insulin + Orals | Metformin | Oral agents combination | Sulphonylurea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N |
151 |
49 |
15 |
55 |
12 |
121 |
37 |
59 |
| Gender (M/F) |
72/79 |
48/1 |
4/11 |
30/25 |
6/6 |
65/56 |
16/21 |
26/33 |
| Obesity (%) |
41.3 |
51.1 |
66.7 |
73.8 |
66.7 |
57.3 |
79.4 |
48.9 |
| Hypertension (%) |
21.9 |
38.8 |
26.7 |
29.1 |
29.1 |
32.2 |
25.0 |
27.1 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) |
0.7 |
16.3 |
6.7 |
14.5 |
8.3 |
12.4 |
2.7 |
10.2 |
|
25-Hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/l) | ||||||||
| Baseline |
19.4 ± 1.0 |
33.3 ± 1.0 |
24.4 ± 1.1 |
32.2 ± 1.0 |
34.1 ± 1.1 |
34.8 ± 1.0 |
34.6 ± 1.1 |
38.3 ± 1.0 |
| 6 months |
27.4 ± 1.0* |
47.8 ± 1.1* |
34.3 ± 1.2 |
55.7 ± 1.1* |
55.8 ± 1.1* |
62.4 ± 1.1* |
46.0 ± 1.1 |
51.2 ± 1.1* |
| 12 months |
25.8 ± 1.1* |
49.9 ± 1.2* |
26.7 ± 1.3 |
46.1 ± 1.1* |
48.1 ± 1.2* |
55.3 ± 1.1* |
46.8 ± 1.1 |
46.8 ± 1.1* |
| % Change at 6 months C |
34.3 (12.0, 56.6)a |
36 (10.2, 61.8)b |
34.1 (−9.3, 72.3) |
54.3 (25.0, 83.7)b |
49.1 (−3.2, 68.3) |
62.6 (39.1, 86.1) a |
28.5 (−7.3, 64.4) |
28.8 (2.2, 55.4)b |
| % Change at 12 months C |
28.6 (6.0, 51.4) a |
40 (3.2, 77.3)a |
9.2 (−12.8,65.3) |
35.6 (3.2, 68.0)a |
34.3 (−2.1, 69.7) |
50.6 (23.4, 77.9) a |
30.2 (−14.0,74.4) |
19.8 (−13.2, 52.9)a |
|
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) < 0.001; P-Value (interaction) = 0.04 | ||||||||
|
Systolic BP (mmHg) | ||||||||
| Baseline |
115.6 ± 1.1 |
129.0 ± 1.0 |
124.2 ± 1.0 |
126.5 ± 1.0 |
129.1 ± 1.0 |
126.1 ± 1.0 |
134.1 ± 1.1 |
126.5 ± 1.0 |
| 6 months |
113.3 ± 1.1 |
130.0 ± 1.0 |
124.3 ± 1.0 |
123.5 ± 1.0 |
132.5 ± 1.0 |
124.8 ± 1.0 |
131.1 ± 1.0 |
129.7 ± 1.0 |
| 12 months |
115.4 ± 1.1 |
130.9 ± 1.0 |
130.0 ± 1.1 |
128.1 ± 1.0 |
130.5 ± 1.0 |
127.4 ± 1.1 |
127.7 ± 1.0 |
127.9 ± 1.0 |
| % Change at 6 months C |
−2.4 (−8.8, 3.8) |
1.4 (−5.8, 8.7) |
0.0 |
−2.4 (−10.4, 5.5) |
2.1 (−12.2, 16.6) |
−1.0 (−6.3,4.3) |
−2.2 (−11.6, 7.1) |
2.5 (−4.9, 9.9) |
| % Change at 12 months C |
0.2 (−7.0, 6.7) |
0.9 (−8.1, 10.0) |
4.7 (−24.8, 34.2) |
1.1 (−8.8, 11.1) |
0.6 (−16.0, 17.3) |
1.0 (−5.2, 7.4) |
−4.8 (−16.5, 6.7) |
1.1 (−7.8, 10.0) |
|
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.51; P-Value (interaction) = 0.71 | ||||||||
|
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | ||||||||
| Baseline |
74.5 ± 1.0 |
71.5 ± 1.0 |
77.4 ± 1.2 |
78.2 ± 1.0 |
75.6 ± 1.0 |
80.5 ± 1.2 |
77.5 ± 1.0 |
79.8 ± 1.1 |
| 6 months |
72.9 ± 1.0 |
81.2 ± 1.0* |
73.0 ± 1.1 |
76.7 ± 1.0 |
79.8 ± 1.1 |
78.1 ± 1.1 |
82.3 ± 1.1 |
77.8 ± 1.0 |
| 12 months |
73.5 ± 1.0 |
84.3 ± 1.1* |
73.0 ± 1.1 |
78.2 ± 1.0 |
80.4 ± 1.2 |
79.5 ± 1.1 |
79.5 ± 1.1 |
81.3 ± 1.1 |
| % Change at 6 months C |
−1.9 (−11.0, 7.2) |
11.9 (1.3, 22.5) |
−6.8 (−32.1, 18.4) |
−1.7 (−13.3, 9.8) |
5.4 (−15.5, 26.4) |
−3.1 (−10.8, 4.7) |
5.7 (−7.8, 19.2) |
−2.5 (−13.4, 8.2) |
| % Change at 12 months C |
−1.2 (−11.5, 8.9) |
15.5 (2.2, 28.2) |
−6.8 (−49.0, 36.1) |
0.0 |
6.2 (−17.9, 30.4) |
−1.3 (−10.5, 7.8) |
2.2 (−14.6,19.1) |
1.8 (−11.2, 14.8) |
|
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.54; P-Value (interaction) = 0.002 | ||||||||
|
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| Baseline |
28.5 ± 1.1 |
30.1 ± 1.1 |
30.1 ± 1.2 |
33.4 ± 1.2 |
31.5 ± 1.0 |
32.4 ± 1.1 |
32.9 ± 1.0 |
32.3 ± 1.0 |
| 6 months |
28.5 ± 1.1 |
30.1 ± 1.2 |
31.1 ± 1.2 |
35.0 ± 1.2 |
31.4 ± 1.0 |
28.2 ± 1.0 |
30.5 ± 1.0 |
32.2 ± 1.1 |
| 12 months |
28.5 ± 1.1 |
30.1 ± 1.2 |
- |
35.1 ± 1.3 |
31.6 ± 1.0 |
30.0 ± 1.1 |
32.2 ± 1.1 |
30.6 ± 1.2 |
| % Change at 6 months C |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| % Change at 12 months C |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.18; P-Value (interaction) = 0.36 | ||||||||
|
Total Cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||
| Baseline |
4.7 ± 1.0 |
4.8 ± 1.0 |
5.3 ± 1.0 |
5.1 ± 1.0 |
5.4 ± 1.0 |
5.3 ± 1.0 |
4.9 ± 1.0 |
5.2 ± 1.0 |
| 6 months |
4.4 ± 1.0 |
4.4 ± 1.0 |
5.4 ± 1.1 |
4.9 ± 1.1 |
5.1 ± 1.1 |
5.2 ± 1.0 |
4.8 ± 1.0 |
5.1 ± 1.0 |
| 12 months |
4.1 ± 1.0 |
4.1 ± 1.0 |
5.8 ± 1.2 |
4.6 ± 1.0 |
4.4 ± 1.2 |
4.9 ± 1.0 |
4.5 ± 1.0 |
5.1 ± 1.0 |
| % Change at 6 months C |
−7.0 (−24.8,10.7) |
−7.8 (−20.5, 4.7) |
2.3 (−28.0, 32.7) |
−2.0 (−16.1, 12.1) |
−5.6 (−31.1, 19.9) |
−0.7 (−10.1, 8.7) |
−2.2 (−18.9,14.4) |
−1.2 (−13.9, 11.3) |
| % Change at 12 months C |
−2.9 (−7.5, 13.5) |
−14.8 (−32.6, 2.9) |
10.1 (−29.9, 50.3) |
−9.7 (−24.0, 5.4) |
−19.5 (−52.5, 13.4) |
−6.5 (−17.5, 4.4) |
−9.3 (−29.6, 11.0) |
−1.6 (−17.8, 14.5) |
|
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.01; P-Value (interaction) = 0.17 | ||||||||
|
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | ||||||||
| Baseline |
1.2 ± 0.02 |
2.4 ± 0.04 |
1.6 ± 0.07 |
1.8 ± 0.04 |
2.5 ± 0.08 |
1.9 ± 0.03 |
2.0 ± 0.05 |
2.0 ± 0.04 |
| 6 months |
1.2 ± 0.04 |
1.6 ± 0.04* |
1.4 ± 0.13 |
1.8 ± 0.05 |
1.9 ± 0.09* |
2.1 ± 0.04 |
1.7 ± 0.06 |
2.0 ± 0.04 |
| 12 months |
1.2 ± 0.04 |
1.5 ± 0.07* |
1.7 ± 0.18 |
1.5 ± 0.06 |
1.9 ± 0.14 |
2.0 ± 0.04 |
1.6 ± 0.09 |
2.0 ± 0.05 |
| % Change at 6 months C |
0 |
- 42.5 a (−18.1,-66.8) |
−13.1 (−71.2, 45.2) |
0 |
−29.4 a (−78.7, 19.8) |
8.4 (−9.6, 26.6) |
−15.0 (47.1, 17.0) |
0 |
| % Change at 12 months C |
0 |
−39.2 a (−5.0, -73.2) |
4.0 (−72.3, 82.0) |
−9.2 (−65.0, 83.6) |
−28.3 a (−91.0, 35.0) |
2.7 (−18.3, 23.8) |
−23.4 (−62.4, 15.7) |
0 |
|
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.02; P-Value (interaction) < 0.001 | ||||||||
|
HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||
| Baseline |
0.66 ± 0.03 |
0.95 ± 0.06 |
1.0 ± 0.09 |
1.0 ± 0.05 |
0.91 ± 0.10 |
0.93 ± 0.03 |
1.0 ± 0.06 |
0.94 ± 0.04 |
| 6 months |
1.0 ± 0.06* |
1.0 ± 0.14 |
0.93 ± 0.28 |
1.1 ± 0.11 |
0.90 ± 0.23 |
0.89 ± 0.07 |
1.1 ± 0.15 |
1.0 ± 0.10 |
| 12 months |
0.98 ± 0.08* |
0.98 ± 0.10 |
- |
0.81 ± 0.10 |
1.0 ± 0.35 |
0.93 ± 0.09 |
0.99 ± 0.14 |
1.0 ± 0.12 |
| % Change at 6 months C |
42.7 a (16.6, 68.9) |
8.3 (−49.0,65.8) |
−11.3 (−32.6,26.7) |
1.3 (−.45.4, 48.4) |
1.3 (−63.2, 56.7) |
−3.5 (−33.1, 26.0) |
11.7 (−51.0, 74.0) |
6.4 (−32.6, 45.2) |
| % Change at 12 months C |
37.3 a (4.3, 70.3) |
3.2 (−42.4,48.9) |
- |
−26.1 (−70.1, 18.6) |
12.2 (−14.8, 26.3) |
0.0 |
1.5 (−0.61, 58.3) |
8.2 (−43.8, 60.2) |
|
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.001; P-Value (interaction) < 0.001 | ||||||||
|
Glucose(mmol/l) | ||||||||
| Baseline |
5.3 ± 1.0 |
10.0 ± 1.1 |
7.1 ± 1.3 |
10.8 ± 1.2 |
12.4 ± 1.2 |
10.2 ± 1.0 |
9.4 ± 1.2 |
9.1 ± 1.0 |
| 6 months |
5.7 ± 1.1 |
9.0 ± 1.0 |
7.7 ± 1.3 |
10.3 ± 1.1 |
10.2 ± 1.1 |
10.2 ± 1.0 |
9.1 ± 1.1 |
9.7 ± 1.0 |
| 12 months |
5.8 ± 1.1 |
8.3 ± 1.0 |
8.2 ± 1.2 |
9.9 ± 1.0 |
10.6 ± 1.0 |
11.2 ± 1.1 |
9.6 ± 1.2 |
10.1 ± 1.1 |
| % Change at 6 months C |
9.3 (−11.9, 30.6) |
−10.5 (−35.1, 14.0) |
8.6 (−50.2, 67.5) |
1.7 (−29.2, 25.7) |
−19.6 (−69.4, 30.0) |
0.8 (−17.4, 19.2) |
−2.7 (−35.1, 29.6) |
7.0 (−17.3, 31.6) |
| % Change at 12 months C |
9.4 (−12.3, 31.2) |
−18.2 (−52.8, 16.2) |
12.6 (−65.1, 90.7) |
−6.7 (−36.3, 22.7) |
−15.6 (−79.6, 48.2) |
9.7 (−11.2, 31.1) |
2.5 (−36.9, 41.9) |
10.5 (−19.7, 40.9) |
| P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.51; P-Value (interaction) = 0.26 | ||||||||
Data represented by Mean ± standard error; C Percent changes represent the absolute difference from baseline in the log-transformed data multiplied by 100; b p ≤ 0.001; a p ≤ 0.01; ‘*’ Represents significant difference from the baseline. Level of significance is at p ≤ 0.05.