Figure 3.

Effects of kinase blockers on viral RNA replication and on the appearance of viral RNA and capsid protein in culture supernatant. Caco-2 cells were infected with HAstV1 in the absence (Mock) or presence of various kinase inhibitors and examined for the following. (A)Effects on viral RNA replication. Viral RNA replication in the infected cells was analyzed using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. For each drug treatment, the quantified amount of viral RNA, normalized to the amount of total RNA, was converted to a value relative to that of mock treatment. The mean relative value from four independent experiments, with the standard deviation indicated as error bar, is presented. (B)Effects on presence of viral RNA in culture supernatant. The level of viral RNA in the post-infection culture supernatant was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. For each drug treatment, the quantified amount of viral RNA was converted to a value relative to that of mock treatment. The mean relative value from three experiments, with the standard deviation indicated as error bar, is presented. (C)Effects on presence of viral capsid protein in culture supernatant. The level of viral capsid antigen in the post-infection culture supernatant was measured using ELISA. The supernatant samples were prepared in triplicate, and the mean capsid antigen level for each drug treatment was further converted to a value relative to mock treatment. Statistically significant differences, determined as in Figure 2D, are indicated on the graphs.