Table 2.
Univariate analyses of nondysplastic Barrett’s esophagus risk factors by sex
| Risk factor | Men
|
Women
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammation controls (n=147)
|
Nondysplastic BE cases (n=181)
|
Crude OR (95% CI) | pa | Inflammation controls (n=166)
|
Nondysplastic BE cases (n=104)
|
Crude OR (95% CI) | pa | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Highest level of education | ||||||||
| School only | 37 (25.2) | 68 (37.6) | 2.59 (1.37–4.88) | 79 (47.6) | 70 (67.3) | 2.95 (1.31–6.65) | ||
| Technical college/Diploma | 72 (49.0) | 86 (47.5) | 1.68 (0.94–3.02) | 57 (34.3) | 25 (24.0) | 1.46 (0.61–3.53) | ||
| University | 38 (25.8) | 27 (14.9) | 1.00 | 0.01 | 30 (18.1) | 9 (8.7) | 1.00 | 0.006 |
| Body mass index last year (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| <25 | 45 (30.6) | 52 (28.7) | 1.00 | 76 (45.8) | 36 (34.6) | 1.00 | ||
| 25–29.9 | 76 (51.7) | 74 (40.9) | 0.84 (0.51–1.41) | 49 (29.5) | 38 (36.5) | 1.64 (0.92–2.93) | ||
| ≥30 | 26 (17.7) | 55 (30.4) | 1.83 (0.99–3.38) | 0.03 | 41 (24.7) | 30 (28.9) | 1.55 (0.84–2.86) | 0.19 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never smoker | 69 (46.9) | 54 (29.8) | 1.00 | 82 (49.4) | 44 (42.3) | 1.00 | ||
| Ex-smoker | 64 (43.5) | 95 (52.5) | 1.90 (1.18–3.06) | 56 (33.7) | 42 (40.4) | 1.40 (0.81–2.40) | ||
| Current smoker | 14 (9.5) | 32 (17.7) | 2.92 (1.42–6.01) | 0.004 | 28 (16.9) | 18 (17.3) | 1.20 (0.60–2.40) | 0.48 |
| Average lifetime alcohol consumption (standard drinks/week)b | ||||||||
| Non-drinker | 10 (6.8) | 14 (7.7) | 1.00 | 22 (13.3) | 23 (22.1) | 1.00 | ||
| <1 | 3 (2.0) | 9 (5.0) | 2.14 (0.46–9.98) | 21 (12.6) | 13 (12.5) | 0.59 (0.24–1.47) | ||
| 1–6 | 43 (29.3) | 45 (24.9) | 0.75 (0.30–1.86) | 67 (40.4) | 49 (47.1) | 0.70 (0.35–1.40) | ||
| 7–20 | 51 (34.7) | 56 (30.9) | 0.78 (0.32–1.92) | 48 (28.9) | 17 (16.4) | 0.34 (0.15–0.76) | ||
| ≥21 | 40 (27.2) | 57 (31.5) | 1.02 (0.41–2.52) | 0.51 | 8 (4.8) | 2 (1.9) | 0.24 (0.05–1.25) | 0.06 |
| Frequency of use of acid suppressant medications (H2Rs or PPIs) in the past 5 years | ||||||||
| Never | 102 (69.4) | 88 (48.6) | 1.00 | 108 (65.1) | 50 (48.1) | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 45 (30.6) | 93 (51.4) | 2.40 (1.52–3.78) | <.001 | 58 (34.9) | 54 (51.9) | 2.01 (1.22–3.32) | 0.006 |
| Frequency of use of NSAIDS in the past 5 years | ||||||||
| Never | 28 (19.0) | 48 (26.5) | 1.00 | 40 (24.1) | 25 (24.0) | 1.00 | ||
| Less than weekly | 87 (59.2) | 93 (51.4) | 0.62 (0.36–1.08) | 88 (53.0) | 42 (40.4) | 0.76 (0.41–1.42) | ||
| At least weekly | 32 (21.8) | 40 (22.1) | 0.73 (0.38–1.41) | 0.24 | 38 (22.9) | 37 (35.6) | 1.56 (0.79–3.06) | 0.06 |
| Physical activity index | ||||||||
| Low | 35 (23.8) | 44 (24.3) | 1.13 (0.64–2.01) | 54 (32.5) | 31 (29.8) | 0.96 (0.52–1.78) | ||
| Medium | 57 (38.8) | 76 (42.0) | 1.20 (0.73–1.98) | 55 (33.1) | 39 (37.5) | 1.19 (0.66–2.15) | ||
| High | 55 (37.4) | 61 (33.7) | 1.00 | 0.77 | 57 (34.3) | 34 (32.7) | 1.00 | 0.76 |
| Average fruit consumption | ||||||||
| <2 serves/day | 67 (45.6) | 84 (46.4) | 1.00 | 69 (41.6) | 39 (37.5) | 1.00 | ||
| ≥2 serves/day | 80 (54.4) | 97 (53.6) | 0.97 (0.63–1.50) | 0.88 | 97 (58.4) | 65 (62.5) | 1.19 (0.72–1.96) | 0.51 |
| Average vegetable consumption | ||||||||
| <3 serves/day | 83 (56.5) | 114 (63.0) | 1.00 | 73 (44.0) | 51 (49.0) | 1.00 | ||
| ≥3 serves/day | 64 (43.5) | 67 (37.0) | 0.76 (0.49–1.19) | 0.23 | 93 (56.0) | 53 (51.0) | 0.82 (0.50–1.33) | 0.42 |
| Number of co-morbidities | ||||||||
| None | 33 (22.4) | 33 (18.2) | 1.00 | 41 (24.7) | 22 (21.1) | 1.00 | ||
| ≥1 | 114 (77.6) | 148 (81.8) | 1.30 (0.76–2.23) | 0.34 | 125 (75.3) | 82 (78.9) | 1.22 (0.68–2.20) | 0.50 |
BE, Barrett’s esophagus; CI, confidence interval; H2R, H2-receptor antagonist; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OR, odds ratio; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.
a
p-value for χ2 test for heterogeneity for comparing group of cases to the inflammation controls for the distribution of each categorical variable.
b
One standard drink is equivalent to 10g of alcohol.