Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population by prehypertension status in three multi-ethnic cohorts (n = 2936)
| |
Chinese |
|
Malays |
|
Indians |
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable |
Prehypertension absent |
Prehypertension present |
p valueα |
Prehypertension absent |
Prehypertension present |
p valueα |
Prehypertension absent |
Prehypertension present |
p valueα |
| (n = 473) | (n = 704) | (n = 241) | (n = 533) | (n = 417) | (n = 568) | ||||
| Age β (years) |
53.0 ± 6.5 |
55.3 ± 7.8 |
< 0.001 |
49.1 ± 8.0 |
52.6 ± 9.4 |
< 0.001 |
51.0 ± 7.1 |
52.8 ± 7.7 |
< 0.001 |
| Sex β, female (%) |
313 (66.2) |
358 (50.9) |
< 0.001 |
120 (49.8) |
244 (45.8) |
0.300 |
243 (58.3) |
275 (48.4) |
0.002 |
| Education β, (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| primary/below |
161 (34.0) |
312 (44.3) |
< 0.001 |
129 (53.5) |
301 (56.5) |
0.724 |
152 (36.5) |
279 (49.1) |
0.002 |
| Secondary |
228 (48.2) |
319 (45.3) |
|
106 (44.0) |
221 (41.5) |
|
189 (45.3) |
219 (38.6) |
|
| Tertiary |
84 (17.8) |
73 (10.4) |
|
6 (2.5) |
11 (2.1) |
|
76 (18.2) |
70 (12.3) |
|
| Income level β, (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| < SGD1000 |
127 (28.0) |
243 (36.0) |
0.015 |
120 (50) |
282 (52.3) |
0.497 |
138 (33.8) |
225 (39.2) |
0.171 |
| ≥ SGD1000- < SGD3000 |
201 (44.3) |
277 (41.0) |
|
107 (44.2) |
216 (40.1) |
|
174 (42.7) |
235 (40.9) |
|
| ≥ SGD3000 |
126 (27.8) |
156 (23.1) |
|
15 (6.2) |
41 (7.6) |
|
96 (23.5) |
114 (19.9) |
|
| Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never |
384 (80.8) |
523 (74.2) |
0.028 |
130 (53.7) |
301 (55.8) |
0.764 |
318 (74.8) |
430 (73.6) |
0.912 |
| Past |
39 (8.2) |
75 (10.6) |
|
32 (13.2) |
74 (13.7) |
|
35 (8.2) |
50 (8.6) |
|
| Current |
52 (11.0) |
107 (15.2) |
|
80 (33.1) |
164 (30.4) |
|
72 (16.9) |
104 (17.8) |
|
| Alcohol consumption (%) |
53 (11.2) |
85 (12.1) |
0.638 |
10 (4.2) |
9 (1.7) |
0.039 |
39 (9.1) |
83 (14.2) |
0.014 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) |
110.1 ± 6.9 |
128.9 ± 5.9 |
< 0.001 |
112.0 ± 6.2 |
129.4 ± 6.1 |
< 0.001 |
110.1 ± 6.8 |
128.6 ± 5.9 |
< 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP β (mm Hg) |
68.0 ± 5.8 |
76.5 ± 6.6 |
< 0.001 |
68.3 ± 5.0 |
75.9 ± 6.8 |
< 0.001 |
69.2 ± 5.2 |
77.2 ± 6.6 |
< 0.001 |
| BMI β (kg/m2) |
22.0 ± 3.1 |
23.2 ± 3.4 |
< 0.001 |
23.2 ± 4.2 |
25.4 ± 4.6 |
< 0.001 |
24.7 ± 4.3 |
25.9 ± 4.4 |
< 0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol β (mmol/l) |
1.4 ± 0.4 |
1.4 ± 0.4 |
< 0.001 |
1.4 ± 0.3 |
1.4 ± 0.3 |
< 0.001 |
1.1 ± 0.3 |
1.1 ± 0.3 |
< 0.001 |
| LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/l) |
3.33 ± 0.8 |
3.47 ± 0.8 |
< 0.001 |
3.53 ± 0.8 |
3.67 ± 0.8 |
< 0.001 |
3.46 ± 1.0 |
3.59 ± 0.9 |
< 0.001 |
| Triglycerides β (mmol/l) |
1.7 ± 1.0 |
1.9 ± 0.9 |
< 0.001 |
1.2 ± 1.0 |
1.5 ± 1.2 |
< 0.001 |
1.6 ± 0.9 |
1.8 ± 1.0 |
< 0.001 |
| Plasma glucose β (mmol/l) |
5.4 ± 1.1 |
5.7 ± 1.2 |
< 0.001 |
5.0 ± 1.1 |
5.2 ± 1.1 |
< 0.001 |
5.4 ± 1.1 |
5.6 ± 1.3 |
< 0.001 |
| HbA1cβ, (%) | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 5.8 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 5.8 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
Data are normally distributed and presented as means (standard deviation) or number (%).
α Significant differences within races, p < 0.05.
β difference between the three races, p < 0.05.