Table 4.

Association between metabolic variables (continuous, per standard deviation increase) and prehypertension by race

Chinese
Metabolic variables α	Model 1a	Model 2b
Blood glucose, mmol/L	1.18 (1.06, 1.32)	1.18 (1.06, 1.32)
HbA1c,%	1.58 (1.13, 2.21)	1.51 (1.07, 2.13)
HDL mmol/L	0.88 (0.64, 1.22)	0.87 (0.62, 1.21)
Triglycerides, mmol/L	1.44 (0.99, 1.32)	1.14 (0.98, 1.32)
LDL, mmol/L	1.00 (1.00, 1.01)	1.00 (1.00, 1.01)
Body mass index, kg/m2	1.12 (1.08, 1.16)	1.12 (1.08, 1.17)
Malays
Metabolic variables α	Model 1a	Model 2b
Blood glucose, mmol/L	1.25 (1.07, 1.46)	1.27 (1.09, 1.49)
HbA1c,%	2.14 (1.49, 3.07)	2.17 (1.51, 3.11)
HDL mmol/L	0.62 (0.38, 1.01)	0.62 (0.37, 1.02)
Triglycerides, mmol/L	1.38 (1.18, 1.63)	1.38 (1.17, 1.62)
LDL, mmol/L	1.00 (1.00, 1.01)	1.00 (1.00, 1.01)
Body mass index, kg/m2	1.16 (1.11, 1.20)	1.15 (1.11, 1.20)
Indians
Metabolic variables α	Model 1a	Model 2b
Blood glucose, mmol/L	1.17 (1.04, 1.30)	1.20 (1.07, 1.35)
HbA1c,%	1.76 (1.32, 2.34)	1.84 (1.36, 2.48)
HDL mmol/L	0.87 (0.56, 1.35)	0.80 (0.50, 1.26)
Triglycerides, mmol/L	1.16 (1.00, 1.34)	1.16 (1.00, 1.35)
LDL, mmol/L	1.00 (1.00, 1.01)	1.00 (1.00, 1.01)
Body mass index, kg/m2	1.09 (1.06, 1.13)	1.09 (1.05, 1.13)

All data are presented in Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) i.e. OR (95%CI).

a Adjusting for age and gender.

b Adjusting for age, gender, education status, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption.

^α Significant results are bolded.