Table 4.
Predictors of seeking care from government health services (opposed to private health services)
|
Predictor variables |
Overall chronic conditions (n = 3844) |
Diabetes (n = 1760) |
Hypertension (n = 2756) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted odds ratio* (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted odds ratio* (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted odds ratio* (95% CI) | p value | |
|
Age groups (years) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤40 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| 40-50 |
1.1 (0.7, 1.8) |
0.584 |
5.3 (1.6, 17.3) |
0.006 |
1.2 (0.7, 2.0) |
0.599 |
| 50-60 |
1.7 (0.9, 3.1) |
0.106 |
13.5 (2.7, 67.5) |
0.002 |
1.6 (0.8, 3.4) |
0.175 |
| ≥60 |
3.7 (1.6, 8.3) |
0.002 |
40.2 (5.0,325.7) |
0.001 |
3.4 (1.3, 8.8) |
0.010 |
|
Monthly per capita income | ||||||
| First quintile |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Second quintile |
0.7 (0.5, 1.0) |
0.028 |
0.7 (0.4, 1.2) |
0.235 |
0.4 (0.2, 0.6) |
<0.001 |
| Third quintile |
0.5 (0.3, 0.7) |
0.001 |
0.6 (0.3, 1.1) |
0.106 |
0.2 (0.1, 0.4) |
<0.001 |
| Fourth quintile |
0.4 (0.2, 0.7) |
0.001 |
1.1 (0.7, 1.9) |
0.617 |
0.1 (0.1, 0.4) |
<0.001 |
| Fifth quintile |
0.3 (0.1, 0.5) |
<0.001 |
0.6 (0.3, 1.0) |
0.066 |
0.1 (0.0, 0.3) |
<0.001 |
|
Household poverty status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Above the poverty line |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Below the poverty line |
1.4 (1.0, 2.0) |
0.069 |
1.3 (0.7, 2.4) |
0.392 |
5.2 (1.6, 17.1) |
0.007 |
|
Religion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Islam |
- |
- |
|
|
- |
- |
| Hinduism |
0.8 (0.5, 0.1) |
0.185 |
|
|
0.9 (0.5, 1.5) |
0.676 |
| Christianity |
0.4 (0.2, 0.8) |
0.011 |
|
|
0.3 (0.1, 0.8) |
0.019 |
|
Tiers of health services |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Clinics/health centres |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Referral hospitals |
2.4 (1.5, 3.8) |
<0.001 |
5.3 (1.9, 14.7) |
0.001 |
1.6 (0.9, 3.0) |
0.115 |
| Super-specialty hospitals |
30.3 (14.4, 63.8) |
<0.001 |
99.9 (16.2, 614.1) |
<0.001 |
9.2 (3.0, 28.2) |
<0.001 |
|
Interaction terms |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Age group*Tiers of health services |
0.8 (0.7, 0.9) |
<0.001 |
0.6 (0.5, 0.9) |
0.002 |
0.8 (0.7, 0.9) |
0.008 |
| Monthly per capita income *Religion |
1.2 (1.0, 1.3) |
0.010 |
|
|
1.2 (1.0, 1.4) |
0.019 |
| Monthly per capita income *Tiers of health service |
|
|
|
|
1.1 (1.0, 1.3) |
0.017 |
| Household poverty status*Religion | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.021 | ||||
- Referent category. *Adjusted odds ratio as obtained from multivariable logistic regression models. All the predictor variables were included in the initial model, including two-way interaction terms that were significant at p < 0.05 during binominal logistic regression. Similar to a backward elimination technique, the predictors that were not significant at p < 0.05 were then dropped individually, and the resultant models were compared for goodness of fit (using likelihood-ratio test) until no further improvement was possible.