Figure 3.

Effect of adaptation on the cost of additional resistance elements. Each bar shows the fitness effect of (a)rpsL K43N, (b)rpsL K88R or (c) plasmid RSF1010 either before (white bars) or after (hatched bars) adaptation to LB growth medium. Asterisks denote statistically significant effects of adaptation, as determined by pairwise t-tests assuming unequal variances. Each bar shows mean ± s.e. for three independent assays; for the wild type before evolution, bars show the average of three independently constructed genotypes, each assayed three times.