Table 1.

Clinical assessment tools

Assessment tool	Description
Barthel Index [29]	Ordinal scale that ranks subjects from 0 (total dependence) to 100 (total independence) based on 8 self-care and 2 mobility activities of daily living.
Fried’s Frailty Criteria [30]	Presence of 3 or more of 5 frailty indicators (significant and unintentional weight loss, grip weakness, poor endurance and energy, slow gait speed, low physical activity level).
Fukuda Test [31]	The person is blindfolded, extends both arms, and marches in place for 50 to 100 steps. Maximum body rotation greater than 30° indicates vestibular deficits.
Mini Motor Test [32]	20 item test that assesses abilities in bed (2 items), sitting position (3 items), standing position (9 items), and gait (6 items).
One Legged Stance Test [33]	Time a person can stand on one leg without upper extremity support and without bracing the suspended leg against the stance leg. Greater than 30 s indicates low fall risk and less than 5 s indicates high fall risk.
Physical Performance Test [34]	Ability to stand with feet together side-by-side, semi-tandem, and tandem; walk 8 ft; and rise from a chair and return to seated position.
Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA) [35]	Assessment of vision, peripheral sensation, muscle force, reaction time, and postural sway. Score of 0-1 = mild risk, 1-2 = moderate risk, and >2 = high risk of falling.
STRATIFY Score [36]	Assessment of 2 month fall history, mental alteration, frequent toileting, visual impairment, psychotropic medication use, and mobility issues. Score of <2 indicates increased fall risk.
Timed Up and Go (TUG) [37]	Time to stand up from an armchair, walk 3 m, turn, walk back to the chair, and sit down again. Times that exceed 14 s indicate increased fall risk for community dwelling elderly without neurological disorders.
Tinetti Assessment Tool [38]	Dynamic balance and gait evaluation with 10 balance components and 8 gait components. Overall scores <19 = high fall risk, 19-23 = moderate fall risk, > 23 = low fall risk. Maximum score = 40.