Table 1.
The associations between characteristics in patients with diabetes mellitus and the presence of antibodies against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in serum
| |
Patients |
GnRH IgM −/+ |
GnRH IgG −/+ |
|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 39) | OR, 95% CI | OR, 95% CI | |
|
Age (years) |
52.4 ± 12.5 |
1.469 (0.927-1.034) |
0.019 (0.964–1.127) |
|
Gender (Female/male) n (%) |
27(69)/12(31) |
1.696 (0.413-1.976) |
2.667 (0.452–15.722) |
|
Type of diabetes (1/2) |
36/3 |
1.00 (0.082–12.164) |
3.100 (0.235–40.895) |
|
Duration of the disease (years) |
26.3 ± 13.1 |
0.654 (0.940–1.042) |
0.048 (0.974–1.126) |
|
BMI (kg/m2) |
26.5 ± 5.8 |
0.835 (0.699–0.998) |
1.103 (0.958–1.269) |
|
HbA1c (mmol/mol) |
65.9 ± 9.9 |
0.983 (0.917–1.053) |
0.968 (0.880–1.063) |
|
Esophageal dysmotility n (%) | |||
| No (reference) |
12 (31) |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Yes |
27 (69) |
0.589 (0.143–2.424) |
2.500 (0.259–24.096) |
|
Gastric dysmotility n (%) | |||
| No (reference) |
32 (82) |
1.000 |
- |
| Yes |
7 (18) |
3.407 (0.633–18.35) |
- |
|
Retinopathy n (%) | |||
| No (reference) |
11 (28) |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Yes |
28 (72) |
0.829 (0.192–3.577) |
2.174 (0.224–21.079) |
|
Angiopathy n (%) | |||
| No (reference) |
26 (67) |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Yes |
13 (33) |
0.480 (0.106–2.179) |
0.350 (0.036–3.358) |
|
Microalbuminuria n (%) | |||
| No (reference) |
35 (90) |
- |
1.000 |
| Yes |
4 (10) |
- |
7.750 (0.842–71.314) |
|
Macroalbuminuria n (%) | |||
| No (reference) |
36 (92) |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Yes |
3 (8) |
4.545 (0.372–55.542) |
3.100 (0.235–40.895) |
|
Autonomic neuropathy n (%) | |||
| No (reference) |
29 (74) |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Yes |
10 (26) |
1.481 (0.334–6.572) |
9.000 (1.327–61.025) |
|
Peripheral neuropathy n (%) | |||
| No (reference) |
20 (51) |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Yes | 19 (49) | 0.857 (0.226–3.254) | 1.062 (0.187–6.052) |
BMI Body mass index, HbA1c Glycosylated hemoglobin. Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or n (%). OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, - = calculations not possible to carry out due to a low number of patients. In the statistical calculations, patients were divided into those with and without (reference) antibodies.