Table 2.
Risk factors for first diagnosis of cancer, crude and adjusted results from Poisson regression using the generalized estimating equations (GEE) method
| Characteristic | All routes (n) | Emergency admission (n) | (%) |
Crude |
Adjusted |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | P-value | RR (95% CI) | P-value | ||||
|
Age group at diagnosis (years) |
|
|
|
|
<.0001 |
|
<.0001 |
| 0–14 |
439 |
8 |
(0.98) |
0.04 (0.02–0.08) |
<.0001 |
0.11 (0.06–0.21) |
<.0001 |
| 15–44 |
2347 |
61 |
(7.47) |
0.06 (0.04–0.08) |
<.0001 |
0.13 (0.10–0.17) |
<.0001 |
| 45–64 |
1680 |
259 |
(31.7) |
0.34 (0.27–0.42) |
<.0001 |
0.52 (0.44–0.63) |
<.0001 |
| 65–84 |
1197 |
394 |
(48.2) |
0.72 (0.57–0.90) |
0.004 |
0.73 (0.60–0.87) |
0.001 |
| ≥85 |
207 |
95 |
(11.6) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
Sex |
|
|
|
|
<.0001 |
|
- |
| Male |
2418 |
400 |
(49.0) |
1 |
|
|
|
| Female |
3452 |
417 |
(51.0) |
0.73 (0.64–0.84) |
<.0001 |
|
|
|
Ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
<.0001 |
|
<.0001 |
| Asian |
29 |
6 |
(0.73) |
4.48 (1.98–10.1) |
<.0001 |
3.02 (1.67–5.48) |
<.0001 |
| Black |
30 |
8 |
(0.98) |
5.77 (2.84–11.7) |
<.0001 |
2.09 (1.53–2.87) |
<.0001 |
| White |
1924 |
617 |
(75.5) |
6.94 (5.87–8.20) |
<.0001 |
3.14 (2.48–3.98) |
<.0001 |
| Other |
36 |
8 |
(0.98) |
4.81 (2.37–9.76) |
<.0001 |
3.06 (2.10–4.47) |
<.0001 |
| Unknown |
3851 |
178 |
(21.8) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
Deprivation |
|
|
|
|
<.0001 |
|
<.0001 |
| Least deprived |
716 |
132 |
(16.2) |
2.95 (2.36–3.68) |
<.0001 |
1.60 (1.27–2.02) |
<.0001 |
| Quintiles 2,3,4 |
1738 |
382 |
(46.8) |
3.51 (2.95–4.19) |
<.0001 |
1.81 (1.47–2.23) |
<.0001 |
| Most deprived |
426 |
116 |
(14.2) |
4.35 (3.45–5.49) |
<.0001 |
1.93 (1.51–2.47) |
<.0001 |
| Unknown |
2990 |
187 |
(22.9) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
Charlson Index score |
|
|
|
|
<.0001 |
|
0.019 |
| 0 |
5785 |
745 |
(91.2) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| 1 |
43 |
39 |
(4.77) |
7.04 (5.10–9.72) |
<.0001 |
1.34 (1.06–1.69) |
0.014 |
| ≥2 |
42 |
33 |
(4.04) |
6.10 (4.31–8.65) |
<.0001 |
0.87 (0.70–1.07) |
0.180 |
|
Practice region |
|
|
|
|
<.0001 |
|
- |
| East Midlands |
122 |
5 |
(0.61) |
0.32 (0.13–0.79) |
0.013 |
|
|
| East of England |
835 |
140 |
(17.1) |
1.31 (1.01–1.70) |
0.041 |
|
|
| London |
345 |
51 |
(6.24) |
1.16 (0.82–1.63) |
0.400 |
|
|
| North East |
252 |
38 |
(4.65) |
1.18 (0.81–1.72) |
0.388 |
|
|
| North West |
615 |
105 |
(12.9) |
1.34 (1.01–1.77) |
0.041 |
|
|
| South Central |
763 |
92 |
(11.3) |
0.94 (0.71–1.26) |
0.695 |
|
|
| South East Coast |
622 |
118 |
(14.4) |
1.49 (1.13–1.95) |
0.004 |
|
|
| South West |
834 |
84 |
(10.3) |
0.79 (0.59–1.06) |
0.114 |
|
|
| West Midlands |
746 |
90 |
(11.0) |
0.95 (0.71–1.26) |
0.699 |
|
|
| Yorkshire & The Humber |
736 |
94 |
(11.5) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Time at practice (years) |
|
|
|
|
<.0001 |
|
- |
| Low |
1957 |
176 |
(21.5) |
1 |
|
|
|
| Moderate |
1957 |
279 |
(34.2) |
1.59 (1.31–1.91) |
<.0001 |
|
|
| High |
1956 |
362 |
(44.3) |
2.06 (1.72–2.46) |
<.0001 |
|
|
|
Follow-up time (years) |
|
|
|
|
<.0001 |
|
- |
| <1 |
988 |
82 |
(10.0) |
0.45 (0.35–0.57) |
<.0001 |
|
|
| 1–3 |
2032 |
271 |
(33.2) |
0.72 (0.60–0.85) |
<.0001 |
|
|
| 4–6 |
1571 |
226 |
(27.7) |
0.77 (0.64–0.93) |
0.006 |
|
|
| 7–10 |
1279 |
238 |
(29.1) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Continuity of care |
|
|
|
|
<.0001 |
|
<.0001 |
| Low |
164 |
134 |
(16.4) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Moderate |
162 |
131 |
(16.0) |
0.99 (0.78–1.26) |
0.933 |
1.04 (0.90–1.20) |
0.625 |
| High |
166 |
143 |
(17.5) |
1.05 (0.83–1.33) |
0.660 |
1.00 (0.87–1.15) |
0.976 |
| Not valid* |
5378 |
409 |
(50.1) |
0.09 (0.08–0.11) |
<.0001 |
0.28 (0.24–0.33) |
<.0001 |
|
Consultation ≤30 day before diagnosis† |
|
|
|
|
<.0001 |
|
- |
| 0 |
5734 |
704 |
(86.2) |
1 |
|
|
|
| 1 |
136 |
113 |
(13.3) |
6.77 (5.55–8.25) |
<.0001 |
|
|
|
Referral ≤30 days before diagnosis‡ |
|
|
|
|
0.022 |
|
- |
| Admission before diagnosis, mean (SD) | 0.04 (0.20) | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.30 (0.21–0.43) | <.0001 | 0.31 (0.20–0.46) | <.0001 | |
*Patient had fewer than 2 consultations with a GP or nurse at the practice or by telephone during the study period.
†At practice, by telephone, or home visit, with a GP or nurse.
‡Results for dichotomous “referral ≤30 days before diagnosis” variable omitted due to small numbers.