Table 1.
Authors/Year | Country | Design | Assessment instruments | Sample size | Age | Type of stress | Specific events | Evaluation moment | Disease stage | Type of treatment | Result RR (95% CI) | Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chen 1995 [17] |
England |
Case–control |
4 point scale (great, moderate, some, and little or no) |
41/78 |
20 – 70 |
Great life events |
None |
No description |
All stages |
No description |
7.08 (2.31-21.65) |
18 |
Roberts 1996 [18] |
America |
Case–control |
Holmes-Rahe life-event weights |
258/614 |
50 - 79 |
Stressful life events |
Allow for both shorter time of administration and appropriateness (primarily older women) |
During the previous 5 years |
All stages |
Hormone replacement therapy |
0.9 (0.78-1.05) |
18 |
Protheroe 1999 [19] |
Australia |
Case–control |
Four point scale, and six point scale for severity difficulties lasting 4 weeks |
106/226 |
40 - 79 |
Stressful life events |
Excluded events that were related to past and present breast problems, or a first degree relative's breast cancer |
During the previous 5 years |
All stages |
Hormone replacement therapy |
0.91 (0.47-1.81) |
17 |
Oral contraceptives | ||||||||||||
Kruk 2012 [20] |
Poland |
Case–control |
Holmes-Rahe life-event weights |
858/1085 |
28 - 79 |
Life events |
The association between job stress and breast cancer was determined in separate analysis |
During the previous 3 years |
All stages |
Hormone replacement therapy |
5.09 (3.41-8.50) |
18 |
Helgesson 2003 [21] |
Sweden |
Prospective |
1–6 on the stress scale |
1462 |
38 - 60 |
Stressful events |
None |
During the previous 5 years |
All stages |
No description |
2.1 (1.2-3.7) |
20 |
Lillberg 2003 [22] |
Finland |
Prospective |
Holmes-Rahe life-event weights |
10808 |
>24 |
Stressful life events |
None |
During the previous 5 years |
All stages |
Oral contraceptives |
1.07 (1.00-1.15) |
20 |
Michael 2009 [23] | America | Prospective | Number of life events and amount of upset | 84334 | 50 - 79 | Life events | None | During the previous 1 years | All stages | No description | 1.12 (1.01-1.25) | 19 |
RR relative risk, CI confidence interval.