Table 1.
Biomarker | Type of detection | Cancer type(s) | Clinical applications | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
AFP | Protein and core fucosylation (for AFP-L3) | Germ-cell hepatoma; non-seminomatous testicular carcinoma | Diagnosis, staging. detecting recurrence, monitoring therapy | [153,154] |
hCG | Protein alone | Testicular | Diagnosis;staging; detecting recurrence; monitoring therapy | [154,155] |
CA125 | Protein alone | Ovarian | Prognosis; detecting recurrence; monitoring therapy | [154,156] |
CA15-3 | Sialylated O-glycan on MUC1 | Breast | Monitoring therapy | [157-159] |
CA19-9 | SLe on mucin glycoproteins and gangliosidesa | Pancreatic | Monitoring therapy | [160,161] |
CEA | Protein alone | Colon | Detecting recurrence; monitoring therapy | [154,157,161] |
HER2 | Protein alone | Breast | Therapy selection | [157,162,163] |
PSA | Protein alone | Prostate | Screening; diagnosis (with digital rectal examination) | [154,164] |
Thyroglobulin | Protein alone | Thyroid | Monitoring | [165,166] |
CA27-29 | MUC1 protein alone | Breast | Monitoring | [161,167] |
aModified and adapted from Kulasingam and Diamandis [168]. AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; CA, carcinoma antigen 15-3; CA 19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; HER, herceptin; hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; MRM, multiple reaction monitoring; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; SLe, sialyl Lewis antigen.