Figure 4.

Accumulation of DNA plasmid on the irradiated section of the cell membrane. (a–c) Fluorescently labeled DNA plasmid (green) accumulated at the site of irradiation (two 12 nJ pulses from the amplifier) along the plasma membrane of cells (labeled with calcein red-orange (red). (d–f) No increase in fluorescence intensity at the targeted site was observed in cells irradiated without labeled plasmid present. (g) Accumulation of labeled plasmid as a function of time for cells irradiated with and without labeled plasmid present. (h) The fraction of cells that exhibited accumulation of labeled plasmid at the membrane for cells that were (irradiated) or were not (not irradiated) optoporated with amplified pulses.