Table II.

Participants' concerns and recommendations organised by vulnerability analysis categories

Exposure	Sensitivity	Outcome	Adaptation
Disturbance from increased shipping	Marine mammals have excellent hearing and communicate through sound	Marine mammals: May displace	Document traditional knowledge of habitat areas
	Marine mammals equate certain noises with danger	Hunters: Must go farther to hunt, or may not be able to find marine mammals	Designate shipping lanes to avoid important areas
			Regulate noise pollution
Deteriorating ice conditions	Marine mammals rest, pup, and calve on ice	Marine mammals: New diseases, poor condition	Document traditional methods for determining food safety
		Hunters: Concerns about food safety and access to healthy seals	Submit samples for testing, support research on marine mammal diseases
Deteriorating ice and weather conditions	Hunters in small boats are at risk from dangerous ice and weather conditions	Hunters travel farther in worse conditions and are more at risk of hunting accidents	Document traditional knowledge of safe harvesting practices
	Hunters must travel farther when ice conditions are poor		Use new safety technologies
Pollution from increased shipping and development	Marine mammals accumulate toxins	High levels of toxins in marine mammals and humans	Regulate pollution from shipping
	Humans eat marine mammal oils and organs, which concentrate toxins		Send samples for testing, support research on marine mammal contaminant load
Bottom-trawling follows fish into northern Bering Sea	Ocean bottom recovers slowly	Marine mammals: population reduction or displacement	Oppose bottom trawling
	Walrus and bearded seals are benthic feeders	Hunters: food security decreases through reduced access	Document important feeding areas
Ice seals and/or walruses listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act	Lack of local influence on federal policies	Hunters: Concern that regulations may make traditional uses difficult	Advocate for greater local representation in federal management
	Groups that do not understand local traditions exert control over federal policies		Advocate for more power for co-management groups
			Document marine mammal adaptive capacity
			Document traditional management strategies

Phrases are summaries of participant responses.