Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics and Standardized Factor Loadings (Λ) from the First-Order Factor Analysis of the Original 28-Item Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHS)
| Item | M | SD | Λ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physiological Factor | |||
| After 6:00 pm, I have drinks with caffeine (e.g., cola, pop, root beer, iced tea, coffee) | 2.9 | 1.4 | .36 |
| During the hour before bedtime, I am very active (e.g., playing outside, running, wrestling) | 2.5 | 1.6 | .56 |
| During the hour before bedtime, I drink > 4 glasses of water (or some other liquid) | 2.7 | 1.7 | .60 |
| I go to bed with a stomachache | 1.5 | 0.8 | .58 |
| I go to bed feeling hungry | 1.9 | 1.1 | .57 |
| Behavioral Arousal Factor | |||
| During the hour before bedtime, I do things that make me feel very awake (e.g., playing video games, watching TV, talking on the telephone) | 3.8 | 1.5 | .64 |
| I go to bed and do things in my bed that keep me awake (e.g., watching TV, reading) | 3.1 | 1.6 | .67 |
| I use my bed for things other than sleep (e.g., talking on the telephone, watching TV, playing video games, doing homework) | 3.8 | 1.7 | .59 |
| Cognitive/Emotional Factor | |||
| I go to bed and think about things I need to do† | 3.5 | 1.4 | .70 |
| I go to bed and replay the day's events over and over in my mind† | 2.8 | 1.4 | .73 |
| I check my clock several times during the night† | 2.5 | 1.5 | .50 |
| During the 1 hour before bedtime, things happen that make me feel strong emotions (sadness, anger, excitement)‡ | 2.5 | 1.3 | .62 |
| I go to bed feeling upset‡ | 2.0 | 1.1 | .74 |
| I go to bed and worry about things happening at home or at school‡ | 2.5 | 1.3 | .81 |
| Sleep Environment Factor | |||
| I fall asleep while listening to loud music | 1.7 | 1.2 | .53 |
| I fall asleep while watching TV | 2.6 | 1.6 | .72 |
| I fall asleep in a brightly lit room (e.g., the overhead light is on) | 1.5 | 0.9 | .58 |
| I fall asleep in a room that feels too hot or too cold | 2.2 | 1.3 | .49 |
| I fall asleep in one place and then move to another place during the night* | 1.7 | 1.2 | .58 |
| Sleep Stability Factor | |||
| During the school week, I stay up more than 1 hour past my usual bedtime | 3.1 | 1.3 | .48 |
| During the school week, I sleep in more than 1 hour past my usual wake time** | 1.7 | 1.1 | n/a |
| On weekends, I stay up more than 1 hour past my usual bedtime | 3.9 | 1.5 | .89 |
| On weekends, I sleep in more than 1 hour past my usual wake time | 3.5 | 1.5 | .70 |
| Daytime Sleep Factor | |||
| During the day, I take a nap that lasts > 1 hour | 2.5 | 1.3 | .72 |
| After 6:00 pm, I take a nap* | 2.0 | 1.2 | .99 |
| Substances Factor | |||
| After 6:00 pm, I smoke or chew tobacco | 1.4 | 1.1 | n/a |
| After 6:00 pm, I drink beer (or other drinks with alcohol) | 1.2 | 0.6 | n/a |
| Bedtime Routine | |||
| I use a bedtime routine (e.g., bathing, brushing teeth, reading)*** | 3.6 | 1.8 | n/a |
Note: Item was added after the scale was published in 2005.
Loaded on the cognitive scale in the original version.
Loaded on the emotional scale in the original version.
This item was omitted due to a low factor loading on the sleep stability scale
Item is not reverse-coded
Response choices were on a 6-point ordinal scale: 1 = Never (0%); 2 = Once in awhile (20%); 3 = sometimes (40%); 4 = quite often (60%); 5 = frequently, if not always (80%); 6 = always (100%).
Scoring: Each subscale score is calculated by taking the average of the items comprising that subscale, and the mean of the subscale scores is used to create the revised 24-item total sleep hygiene score (total ASHSr).