Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study groups
Healthy controls | Trauma controls | PTSD | Test of difference | Pairwise comparisons | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 23 | 12 | 25 | ||
M (SD) or n (%) | M (SD) or n (%) | M (SD) or n (%) | |||
Age | 32.1 (8.5) | 29.7 (7.9) | 32.2 (9.9) | F(2,57)=.36, p=.70 | - |
Male sex | 11 (47.8%) | 7 (58.3%) | 11 (44.0%) | χ2(2)=.67, p=.71 | - |
White race/ethnicity | 14 (60.9%) | 2 (16.7%) | 8 (32.0%) | χ2(2)=7.56, p=.023 | HC>TC,PTSD |
Education (years) | 16.0 (2.1) | 14.1 (1.8) | 14.6 (3.1) | F(2,57)=2.86, p=.066 | - |
Body mass index | 25.0 (3.4) | 26.6 (4.5) | 25.3 (4.7) | F(2,57)=.56, p=.57 | - |
Ever drank alcohol in lifetime | 11 (73.3%) | 3 (42.9%) | 12 (57.1%) | χ2(2)=2.04, p=.36 | - |
Number of years used alcohol | 5.7 (6.3) | 8.0 (11.5) | 5.0 (6.0) | F(2,38)=.44, p=.65 | - |
Drank alcohol in past 30 days | 9 (56.3%) | 6 (54.5%) | 10 (47.6%) | χ2(2)=.31, p=.86 | - |
Number of days drank alcohol in past 30 days | 2.4 (3.3) | 3.7 (5.0) | 2.5 (3.4) | F(2,45)=.48, p=.62 | - |
Current smoker | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (36.0%) | χ2(2)=14.82, p=.001 | PTSD>HC,TC |
Nicotine dependence | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (12.0%) | χ2(2)=4.42, p=.11 | - |
Indices of lifetime trauma | |||||
Age at first trauma | - | 13.0 (4.8) | 13.9 (10.3) | F(1,35)=.09, p=.77 | - |
Age at presenting trauma | - | 16.5 (8.7) | 18.2 (11.1) | F(1,35)=.22, p=.64 | - |
Number of traumas | - | 3.0 (2.0) | 3.5 (3.7) | F(1,35)=.18, p=.68 | - |
Index traumatic event | Fisher's exact test=6.38, p<.001 | ||||
Physical assault | - | 9 (75.0%) | 22 (88.0%) | ||
Motor vehicle accident | - | 3 (25.0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Witnessed suicide | - | 0 (0%) | 3 (12.0%) | ||
Lifetime mood or anxiety disorder | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 13 (52.0%) | χ2(2)=23.23, p<.001 | PTSD>HC, TC |
Lifetime alcohol or drug abuse | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (36.0%) | χ2(2)=14.82, p=.001 | PTSD>HC, TC |
CAPS score | - | 5.6 (7.6) | 75.5 (17.4) | F(1,35)=175.99, p<.001 | PTSD>TC |
MADRS score | 2.2 (3.0) | 3.5 (6.5) | 22.7 (10.0) | F(2,57)=54.89, p<.001 | PTSD>HC, TC |
HAM-A score | 1.6 (2.5) | 2.3 (3.3) | 21.4 (10.4) | F(2,57)=55.77, p<.001 | PTSD>HC, TC |
Note. HC=Healthy controls; TC=Trauma Controls; SD=standard deviation; PTSD=Posttraumatic stress disorder; SD=standard deviation; CAPS=Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; MADRS= Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; HAM-A=Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. Physical assault includes sexual abuse, domestic violence, and other non-combat related physical violence. Some frequencies and denominator degrees of freedom do not sum to total n due to missing data.