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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 28.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Lett. 2013 Mar 5;341(1):10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.048. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.048

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Cell and environmental factors coupled to the induction of EMT and MET programs in carcinoma cells. Activation of TGF-β and BMP signaling systems couples to a complex cascade of expression and repression that is regulated by a variety of factors both within the carcinoma cells themselves, and within their accompanying host microenvironment. Targets of TGF-β and BMP signaling include microRNAs, infiltrating immune cells, and numerous microenvironmental factors and cytokines. Finally, transitioning carcinoma cells further fine tune the balance between EMT:MET reactions through employment of alternative gene splicing events, which gives rise to isoform specific expression of proteins in epithelial versus mesenchymal cell states. See text for additional details.