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. 2013 Apr 5;2:28. Originally published 2013 Jan 30. [Version 3] doi: 10.12688/f1000research.2-28.v3

Figure 1. Modified WHO analgesic ladder in patients with chronic kidney disease [adapted from references 17, 18], with relative potency compared to morphine (1) of commonly used opioids in parenthesis.

Figure 1.

*Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, including cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors should be avoided, except for acute pain with close clinical observation.