Supplementary Table 1. Effect sizes of sperm quality traits from the studies included in the analysis.
| Reference | Subgroup | Outcome | Effect size
(Hedges’s g) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vivo studies | ||||
| [ 7] | 1 | Proportion of non-progressive motile sperm (%) | -0.11444 | 0.19545 |
| Proportion of rapid progressive motile sperm (%) | -0.39434 | 0.00001 | ||
| Proportion of slow progressive motile sperm (%) | -0.51671 | 0.00000 | ||
| Sperm concentration | 0.01922 | 0.82778 | ||
| Sperm motility | -0.14692 | 0.09667 | ||
| 2 | Proportion of non-progressive motile sperm (%) | -0.28478 | 0.04855 | |
| Proportion of rapid progressive motile sperm (%) | -0.07945 | 0.58037 | ||
| Proportion of slow progressive motile sperm (%) | -0.22090 | 0.12525 | ||
| Sperm concentration | -0.12467 | 0.38594 | ||
| Sperm motility | 0.00940 | 0.94784 | ||
| [ 13] | 1 | Sperm morphology | -0.74105 | 0.00000 |
| Sperm motility | -0.57347 | 0.00000 | ||
| [ 14] | 1 | Liquefaction time (min) | -0.01209 | 0.94773 |
| pH | 0.00000 | 1.00000 | ||
| Semen volume | 0.18269 | 0.32253 | ||
| Sperm concentration | -0.42958 | 0.02095 | ||
| Sperm morphology | -0.72462 | 0.00013 | ||
| Sperm motility | -0.40596 | 0.02896 | ||
| Viability | -0.43282 | 0.02002 | ||
| Viscosity | 0.01942 | 0.91612 | ||
| 2 | Liquefaction time (min) | -0.23709 | 0.20389 | |
| pH | -0.46407 | 0.01363 | ||
| Semen volume | -0.02014 | 0.91380 | ||
| Sperm concentration | -0.56141 | 0.00298 | ||
| Sperm morphology | -1.70950 | 0.00000 | ||
| Sperm motility | -1.32047 | 0.00000 | ||
| Viability | -1.34677 | 0.00000 | ||
| Viscosity | -0.09456 | 0.61148 | ||
| 3 | Liquefaction time (min) | -0.09749 | 0.59412 | |
| pH | -0.63951 | 0.00060 | ||
| Semen volume | 0.28711 | 0.11786 | ||
| Sperm concentration | -0.87694 | 0.00000 | ||
| Sperm morphology | -1.95983 | 0.00000 | ||
| Sperm motility | -1.58904 | 0.00000 | ||
| Viability | -1.62719 | 0.00000 | ||
| Viscosity | 0.04490 | 0.80606 | ||
| [ 15] | 1 | Semen volume | -0.07567 | 0.69348 |
| Sperm concentration | -2.09426 | 0.00000 | ||
| Sperm morphology | -1.35171 | 0.00000 | ||
| Sperm motility | -1.80265 | 0.00000 | ||
| Overall effect | -0.54948 | 0.00000 | ||
| In vivo studies | ||||
| [ 16] | 1 | Fast progressive motility | -0.48612 | 0.07419 |
| Motility | -0.73467 | 0.00808 | ||
| Non motile | -0.89668 | 0.00146 | ||
| Non progressive motility | 0.14043 | 0.60105 | ||
| Slow progressive motility | -0.48268 | 0.07620 | ||
| Sperm concentration | -0.05135 | 0.84822 | ||
| [ 20] | 1 | Dna fragmentation | 0.10182 | 0.68034 |
| Motility | -0.19307 | 0.43544 | ||
| ROS | -0.29465 | 0.23542 | ||
| Sperm concentration | 0.00085 | 0.99725 | ||
| TAC | -0.25102 | 0.31138 | ||
| Viability (%) | -0.46743 | 0.06193 | ||
| [ 17] | 1 | Progressive motility | -0.04606 | 0.90700 |
| [ 31] | 1 | Motility | -16.10595 | 0.00008 |
| ROS | -23.97770 | 0.00007 | ||
| Viability (%) | -11.52174 | 0.00009 | ||
| [ 32] | 1 | Acrosome (%) | -1.58348 | 0.00051 |
| Area (µm 2) | -8.61098 | 0.00000 | ||
| Major axis (µm) | -5.25493 | 0.00000 | ||
| Minor axis (µm) | -11.21546 | 0.00000 | ||
| Perimeter (µm) | -8.00952 | 0.00000 | ||
| Sperm zona binding | -0.68402 | 0.12153 | ||
| 2 | Acrosome (%) | -1.82487 | 0.00012 | |
| Area (µm 2) | -5.27741 | 0.00000 | ||
| Major axis (µm) | -2.15357 | 0.00002 | ||
| Minor axis (µm) | -4.06799 | 0.00000 | ||
| Perimeter (µm) | -3.28849 | 0.00000 | ||
| [ 18] | 1 | Fast progressive motility | -0.53471 | 0.07618 |
| Motility | -0.64188 | 0.03467 | ||
| Non motile | -0.31928 | 0.28406 | ||
| Non progressive motility | -0.07395 | 0.80286 | ||
| Slow progressive motility | 0.21209 | 0.47510 | ||
| [ 19] | 1 | Average path velocity | -8.16777 | 0.00000 |
| Curvilinear velocity | -10.37987 | 0.00000 | ||
| HOS | 1.72187 | 0.00000 | ||
| Motility | -9.78102 | 0.00000 | ||
| Straight line velocity | -6.37614 | 0.00000 | ||
| Viability (%) | -2.53934 | 0.00000 | ||
| Overall effect size | -2.23292 | 0.00000 | ||