Table 1. Effect sizes of mobile phone radiation on sperm quality traits.
| Sample size | Hedges’s g | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| In vivo studies | |||
| Semen volume | 591 | 0.09774 | 0.29458 |
| Sperm concentration | 874 | -0.66388 | 0.01858 |
| Sperm morphology | 746 | -1.28325 | 0.00000 |
| Sperm motility | 1079 | -0.81584 | 0.00102 |
| Proportion of non-progressive motile sperm (%) | 283 | -0.16136 | 0.03396 |
| Proportion of rapid progressive motile sperm (%) | 283 | -0.25708 | 0.09969 |
| Proportion of slow progressive motile sperm (%) | 283 | -0.39031 | 0.00765 |
| Liquefaction time (min) | 321 | -0.11449 | 0.28277 |
| pH | 321 | -0.36681 | 0.05592 |
| Sperm viability (%) | 321 | -1.13150 | 0.00220 |
| Semen viscosity | 321 | -0.00924 | 0.93083 |
| In vitro studies | |||
| Acrosome reaction (%) | 24 | -1.69939 | 0.00000 |
| Sperm area (µm 2) | 24 | -6.79952 | 0.00004 |
| Average path velocity | 20 | -8.16777 | 0.00000 |
| Curvilinear velocity | 20 | -10.37987 | 0.00000 |
| DNA fragmentation | 32 | 0.10182 | 0.68034 |
| Fast progressive motility | 49 | -0.50794 | 0.01195 |
| Hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) | 20 | 1.721867 | 0.000002 |
| Major axis (µm) | 24 | -3.62708 | 0.01918 |
| Minor axis (µm) | 24 | -7.4825 | 0.0361 |
| Sperm motility | 105 | -2.82739 | 0.00118 |
| Non motile spermatozoa | 49 | -0.61615 | 0.03275 |
| Non progressive motility | 49 | 0.04371 | 0.82612 |
| Perimeter (µm) | 24 | -5.53132 | 0.01897 |
| Progressive motility | 12 | -0.04606 | 0.90700 |
| Reactive oxygen species (ROS) | 36 | -11.37087 | 0.33592 |
| Slow progressive motility | 49 | -0.14543 | 0.67535 |
| Sperm concentration | 59 | -0.02309 | 0.89887 |
| Sperm zona binding | 10 | -0.68402 | 0.12153 |
| Straight line velocity | 20 | -6.37614 | 0.00000 |
| Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) | 32 | -0.25102 | 0.31138 |
| Viability (%) | 56 | -2.75116 | 0.02543 |