Table 3.

Observational associations of duration of exclusive breastfeeding with adiposity measures, IGF-I, circumferences and height at 11.5 years (n = 13,879)

	Cluster adjusted				Further adjusted for baseline factorsa
	<3 m (n=10065)	3–<6 m (n=3282)	≥6 m (n=532)		<3 m	3–<6 m	≥6 m
		Difference in mean (95% CI)		Trend p		Difference in mean (95% CI)		Trend p
BMI (kg/m2)	0.0 (ref)	0.14 (0.00, 0.28)	0.48 (0.20, 0.77)	0.001	0.0 (ref)	0.13 (0.00, 0.26)	0.49 (0.21, 0.76)	0.001
FMI (kg/m2)	0.0 (ref)	0.03 (−0.06, 0.13)	0.30 (0.09, 0.50)	0.02	0.0 (ref)	0.02 (−0.07, 0.12)	0.29 (0.09, 0.49)	0.03
FFMI (kg/m2)	0.0 (ref)	0.09 (0.02, 0.15)	0.20 (0.06, 0.33)	<0.001	0.0 (ref)	0.09 (0.03, 0.14)	0.20 (0.08, 0.33)	<0.001
Body fat %	0.0 (ref)	0.10 (−0.25, 0.45)	0.94 (0.21, 1.67)	0.05	0.0 (ref)	0.04 (−0.29, 0.37)	0.89 (0.19, 1.59)	0.08
Waist circumference (cm)	0.0 (ref)	0.01 (−0.34, 0.36)	0.74 (0.01, 1.47)	0.20	0.0 (ref)	−0.05 (−0.40, 0.29)	0.70 (−0.02, 1.42)	0.32
Triceps skinfold (mm)	0.0 (ref)	0.11 (−0.16, 0.39)	0.66 (0.09, 1.22)	0.05	0.0 (ref)	0.06 (−0.21, 0.33)	0.59 (0.04, 1.15)	0.12
Subscapular skinfold (mm)	0.0 (ref)	0.01 (−0.24, 0.26)	0.58 (0.07, 1.10)	0.14	0.0 (ref)	−0.02 (−0.27, 0.22)	0.56 (0.05, 1.07)	0.22
IGF-I (z-score)b	0.0 (ref)	0.02 (−0.02, 0.07)	0.04 (−0.05, 0.14)	0.23	0.0 (ref)	0.01 (−0.03, 0.05)	0.03 (−0.06, 0.13)	0.44
Hip circumference (cm)	0.0 (ref)	0.22 (−0.14, 0.57)	1.09 (0.36, 1.82)	0.01	0.0 (ref)	0.14 (−0.19, 0.48)	1.02 (0.32, 1.72)	0.02
Waist:hip ratio	0.0 (ref)	−0.22 (−0.46, 0.02)	−0.19 (−0.68, 0.31)	0.10	0.0 (ref)	−0.20 (−0.43, 0.03)	−0.13 (−0.61, 0.34)	0.15
Standing height (cm)	0.0 (ref)	0.18 (−0.16, 0.53)	0.03 (−0.69, 0.75)	0.46	0.0 (ref)	0.01 (−0.31, 0.32)	−0.08 (−0.74, 0.57)	0.90
Leg length (cm)	0.0 (ref)	0.07 (−0.15, 0.29)	0.03 (−0.42, 0.48)	0.63	0.0 (ref)	−0.02 (−0.22, 0.18)	−0.03 (−0.45, 0.40)	0.84
Head circumference (cm)	0.0 (ref)	0.10 (0.02, 0.17)	0.16 (0.01, 0.31)	0.003	0.0 (ref)	0.07 (0.00, 0.14)	0.15 (0.00, 0.29)	0.01
Mid upper-arm circumference (cm)	0.0 (ref)	0.11 (−0.02, 0.24)	0.37 (0.09, 0.64)	0.01	0.0 (ref)	0.09 (−0.04, 0.21)	0.36 (0.09, 0.63)	0.01
	Odds ratio (95% CI)				Odds ratio (95% CI)
BMI ≥85thpercentilec	1.0 (ref)	1.15 (1.02, 1.29)	1.36 (1.07, 1.72)	0.002	1.0 (ref)	1.14 (1.02, 1.29)	1.37 (1.08, 1.74)	0.002
BMI ≥95th percentilec	1.0 (ref)	1.07 (0.89, 1.29)	1.53 (1.08, 2.18)	0.05	1.0 (ref)	1.08 (0.89, 1.30)	1.58 (1.11, 2.25)	0.03

BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; FMI = fat mass index; FFMI = fat free mass index; IGF-I = insulin-like growth factor-I. Numbers in each category of exclusive breastfeeding are: <3m N=10065; 3–<6m N=3282; ≥ 6m N=532.

^aAdjusted for stratum-level variables (urban versus rural and East versus West Belarus), and for child age at follow-up, sex, birthweight and both maternal and paternal education;

^bIGF-I levels presented as z-scores (standardised within assay run) and coefficients additionally controlled for time between sampling and assay analysis date;

^cbased on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2000 reference data¹⁹ vs < 85^th percentile.